Antibacterial metals and alloys for potential biomedical implants.

The study of molluscan immune systems, in particular those of bivalve molluscs (e.g., clams, oysters, scallops, mussels), has experienced great growth in recent decades, mainly due to the needs of a rapidly growing aquaculture industry to manage the impacts of disease and the wider application of -omic tools to this diverse group of invertebrate organisms. Several unique aspects of molluscan immune systems highlighted in this chapter include the importance of feeding behavior and mucosal immunity, the discovery of unique levels of diversity in immune genes, and experimental indication of transgenerational immune priming. The development of comparative functional studies using natural and selectively bred disease-resistant strains, together with the potential but yet to be fully developed application of gene-editing technologies, should provide exciting insights into the functional relevance of immune gene family expansion and molecular diversification in bivalves. Other areas of bivalve immunity that deserve further study include elucidation of the process of hematopoiesis, the full characterization of hemocyte subpopulations, and the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying immune priming. While the most important aspects of the immune system of the largest group of molluscs, gastropods (e.g., snails and slugs), are discussed in detail in Chap. 12, we also briefly outline the most distinctive features of the immune system of another fascinating group of marine molluscs, cephalopods, which include invertebrate animals with extraordinary morphological and behavioral complexity.

/pdf/immunity-in-molluscs-recognition-and-effector-mechanisms-2kyp04l89s.pdf

Immunity in Molluscs: Recognition and Effector Mechanisms, with a Focus on Bivalvia

Two optimized antimicrobial peptides with therapeutic potential for clinical antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Over the past year, two major policy initiatives have been introduced focusing on stimulating antibiotic development for human consumption. The European Investment Bank has announced the development of the Infectious Disease Financing Facility (IDFF) and the British government commissioned the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, led by Jim O’Neill. Each constitutes a major effort by the European community to address the evolving crisis of antimicrobial resistance. Though both have similar goals, the approaches are unique and worthy of consideration. This manuscript utilizes a previously published framework for evaluation of antibiotic incentive plans to clearly identify the strengths and weaknesses of each proposal. The merits of each proposal are evaluated in how they satisfy four key objectives: 1) Improve the overall net present value (NPV) for new antibiotic projects; 2) Enable greater participation of Small to Medium Sized Enterprises (SME); 3) Encourage participation by large pharmaceutical companies; 4) Facilitate cooperation and synergy across the antibiotic market. The IDFF seeks to make forgivable loans to corporations with promising compounds, while the O’Neill group proposes a more comprehensive framework of early stage funding, along with the creation of a stable global market. Ultimately, the proposals may prove complementary and if implemented together may form a more comprehensive plan to address an impending global crisis. Substantial progress will only be made on these efforts if action is taken at an international level, therefore we recommend consideration of these efforts at the upcoming G20 summit.

A critical analysis of the review on antimicrobial resistance report and the infectious disease financing facility

Marine molluscs and their bioactive compounds are of particular relevance to the growing pool of nutraceutical resources under global investigation. A number of extraction techniques have been developed to isolate bioactive compounds according to their chemical characterization, such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. We briefly reviewed those methods in general. Bioactive molecules are ‘concealed’ in the primary structures of tissue samples of molluscs as amino acids, lipids or carbohydrates which are released by mechanical and chemical processes. The major health benefits of extracts of molluscs include antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-infectious disease activities and cardiovascular protection, which have been reviewed in detail. This review provides a novel view into the efficacy of isolation techniques and subsequent bioactivity analysis of compounds under investigation. Future development in extraction-bioactivity has also been discussed.

Extraction techniques and potential health benefits of bioactive compounds from marine molluscs: a review

The continued emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in recent years is of great concern. The search for new classes of antibacterial agents has expanded to non-traditional sources such as shellfish. An antibacterial subunit of hemoglobin (Hb-I) was purified from the mantle of Arcainflata by phosphate extraction and ion exchange chromatography. A novel antibacterial peptide, AI-hemocidin 2, derived from Hb-I, was discovered using bioinformatics analysis. It displayed antibacterial activity across a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 37.5 to 300 μg/mL, and it exhibited minimal hemolytic or cytotoxic activities. The antibacterial activity of AI-hemocidin 2 was thermostable (25-100 °C) and pH resistant (pH 3-10). The cellular integrity was determined by flow cytometry. AI-hemocidin 2 was capable of permeating the cellular membrane. Changes in the cell morphology were observed with a scanning electron microscope. Circular dichroism spectra suggested that AI-hemocidin 2 formed an α-helix structure in the membrane mimetic environment. The results indicated that the anti-bacterial mechanism for AI-hemocidin 2 occurred through disrupting the cell membrane. AI-hemocidin 2 might be a potential candidate for tackling antibiotic resistant bacteria.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/15/7/205/pdf

Antibacterial Activity of AI-Hemocidin 2, a Novel N-Terminal Peptide of Hemoglobin Purified from Arca inflata

The co-evolution of peptide formation and membrane self-assembly is considered an essential step in the origin of life. In this study, we systematically investigated the sodium trimetaphosphate (P3m)-activated peptide formation reaction of Phe in an alkaline decanoic acid-decanol vesicle system. The experimental results showed that the peptide formation could competitively occur with N-acyl amino acid (NAA) formation. NAA formation did not follow the traditional P3m-activated peptide formation reaction involving the intermediate cyclic acylphosphoramidate (CAPA), but a phosphoric acid- decanoic acid mixed anhydride intermediate. NAA can form vesicles independently and reduce the critical vesicle concentration of the fatty-acid vesicles. 11 other representative amino acids, namely Ala, Asp, Glu, Gly, Ile, Leu, Pro, Ser, Thr, Val, and Arg, were selected for investigation. All of them reacted with decanoic acid to form NAA via the activation effect of P3m. Our experimental results indicate that the P3m activation effect can provide diversified raw membrane materials to form and stabilize protocell membranes; moreover, the small peptides, such as Phe-Leu, formed in the same reaction system can induce the amplification of primitive cells. This implies that synergistic symbiosis between membrane and peptide can be realized via the P3m activation effect.

Protocell self-assembly driven by sodium trimetaphosphate.

Short peptides with unique catalytic abilities are regarded as the simplest enzymes possessing great potential as primordial species to take part in the chemical origin of life. However, prebiotic acquisition pathways of catalytically active peptides remain unclear. In this study, a microwave reactor was used to simulate hydrothermal environments, such as hydrothermal vents, either submarine or subaerial environments. A refrigerator freezer was used to make ice pieces that mimic extra-terrestrial ice crystals. Serine (Ser) and histidine (His) were used as examples, and the formation of small functional peptides involving sodium trimetaphosphate (P3m) activation in an alkaline aqueous solution was investigated under the two typical prebiotic environments mentioned above. The obtained experimental results showed that the targeted small functional peptide Ser-His and its sequence isomer His-Ser could be formed in all simulated environments, even in the presence of disruptive amino acids, such as alanine (Ala), proline (Pro), and aspartic acid (Asp), in the reaction systems. Notably, Pro may have some effect on the chirality of the produced dipeptides by screening the configuration of the amino acids. Owing to the lack of disturbance of N-O migration in the CAPA (His) intermediate, the CAPA intermediate of His is more stable than that of Ser; therefore, His is more easily activated by P3m to form a dipeptide with His at the N-terminal. The yield of His-Ser is at least about four times that of Ser-His in the two simulated prebiotic environments. Additionally, our work suggests that more types of amino acids can be activated simultaneously by P3m to produce various dipeptides, which will provide abundant raw materials for the evolution of life molecules.

Prebiotic formation of catalytically active dipeptides via trimetaphosphate activation.

Purification and characterization of an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory polypeptide from Arca subcrenata.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Yuyan Chen

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Antibacterial Activity of AI-Hemocidin 2, a Novel N-Terminal Peptide of Hemoglobin Purified from Arca inflata

Protocell self-assembly driven by sodium trimetaphosphate.

Prebiotic formation of catalytically active dipeptides via trimetaphosphate activation.

Purification and characterization of an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory polypeptide from Arca subcrenata.