Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) is a transition metal dichalcogenide most widely studied as a heterogeneous catalyst due to its outstanding structural and physicochemical properties. Today, 2D layered MoS2 has gained much attention due to its variety of environmental remediation applications, production of cleaner fuels, and energy storage. MoS2 is a structural analogue of graphene and has similar properties, like greater surface area, a good charge carrying capacity, and higher mechanical strength. Therefore, MoS2 can be easily coupled with graphene to further enhancing its catalytic efficiencies. Moreover, MoS2 is less costly, highly abundant, has better light absorption capacity and adjustable bandgap than graphene. Most of the recent advancements in structural and synthesis techniques for improving catalytic properties of MoS2 for various applications like photodegradation of dyes and organic compounds, hydrogen production, dye-sensitized solar cells, electrochemical capacitors, hydrodesulfurization, chemical and biological sensors, and gas sensors are discussed in this paper. Future prospective and research topics for the development of MoS2 based composites are also discussed.

MoS2 based nanocomposites: An excellent material for energy and environmental applications

Tetrapyrrole derivatives such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, and porpholactones, are highly stable macrocyclic compounds that play important roles in many phenomena linked to the development of life. Their complexes with lanthanides are known for more than 60 years and present breath-taking properties such as a range of easily accessible redox states leading to photo- and electro-chromism, paramagnetism, large non-linear optical parameters, and remarkable light emission in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) ranges. They are at the centre of many applications with an increasing focus on their ability to generate singlet oxygen for photodynamic therapy coupled with bioimaging and biosensing properties. This review first describes the synthetic paths leading to lanthanide–tetrapyrrole complexes together with their structures. The initial synthetic protocols were plagued by low yields and long reaction times; they have now been replaced with much more efficient and faster routes, thanks to the stunning advances in synthetic organic chemistry, so that quite complex multinuclear edifices are presently routinely obtained. Aspects such as redox properties, sensitization of NIR-emitting lanthanide ions, and non-linear optical properties are then presented. The spectacular improvements in the quantum yield and brightness of YbIII-containing tetrapyrrole complexes achieved in the past five years are representative of the vitality of the field and open welcome opportunities for the bio-applications described in the last section. Perspectives for the field are vast and exciting as new derivatizations of the macrocycles may lead to sensitization of other LnIII NIR-emitting ions with luminescence in the NIR-II and NIR-III biological windows, while conjugation with peptides and aptamers opens the way for lanthanide–tetrapyrrole theranostics.

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Lanthanide–tetrapyrrole complexes: synthesis, redox chemistry, photophysical properties, and photonic applications

Developing materials with excellent photoelectric activity is critical to improving the sensitivity of photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors. Herein, we reported a convenience method to synthesize phthalocyanine polymer dots (Pdots), which dope zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) into a conjugated polymer poly[(9,9-di- n -octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)- alt -(benzo{2,1,3}thiadia-zol-4,8-diyl)] (P8BT). The synthesized materials were characterized by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then, ZnPc-P8BT-Pdots were modified on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode by repeated immersion to develop an ultrasensitive PEC sensor for dopamine (DA) detection. Semiconducting polymers in ZnPc-doped forms exhibit a typical photocurrent reduction in comparison with the original polymers. As the photocurrent was weakened, energy was transferred from the conjugated polymers to ZnPc. The photocurrent intensity of ZnPc-P8BT-Pdots/ITO increases as the concentration of DA increases under blue light irradiation. Under the best experimental conditions, the PEC sensor realized the detection of DA (2.5 nM-125 μM) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.69 nM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the ZnPc-P8BT-Pdots/ITO sensor for the detection of DA exhibited superior PEC performance, high sensitivity, rapid response, and favorable stability. This study indicated that ZnPc-P8BT-Pdots possess the promising potential to construct PEC sensors for pharmaceutical analysis. • Semiconductor polymer dots (Pdots) based on ZnPc and P8BT were successfully prepared for the first. • The Pdots were modified on an ITO electrode by repeated immersion to develop an ultrasensitive PEC sensor for DA detection. • This study indicated that Pdots possess the promising potential for constructing PEC sensors for pharmaceutical analysis. • This research could inspire the development of more functional Pdots for innovative PEC drug analysis in the future. 

Photoelectrochemical sensor based on zinc phthalocyanine semiconducting polymer dots for ultrasensitive detection of dopamine

The unique properties of natural tetrapyrrolic compounds have inspired the rapid growth of research interest in the design and synthesis of artificial porphyrinoids and their metal complexes as a basis of modern functional materials. A special role in the design of such materials is played by sandwich complexes formed by tetrapyrrolic macrocycles with rare earth elements, especially lanthanides. The development of synthetic approaches to the functionalization of tetrapyrrolic compounds and their rare earth complexes has facilitated the intensive development of new applications over the last decade. As a way of expanding the functionalities of rare earth complexes, sophisticated examples have been obtained, including mixed-ligand complexes, π-extended analogues, covalently linked and fused sandwiches, complexes with less-common tetrapyrrols, sandwiches with non-tetrapyrrolic macrocycles and even complexes containing up to six stacked ligands. This review intends to offer a general overview of the preparation of such sophisticated REE tetrapyrrolic sandwiches over the last decade as well as emphasizes the current challenges and perspectives of their application in areas such as single-molecule magnetism (SMM), organic field-effect transistors (OFET), conductive materials and nonlinear optics (NLO).

/pdf/rare-earth-based-tetrapyrrolic-sandwiches-chemistry-1ulg0oth.pdf

Rare-earth based tetrapyrrolic sandwiches: chemistry, materials and applications.

Direct electrochemical enhanced detection of dopamine based on peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4@Au composite nanoparticles

Porphyrin/MoS2 film for ultrasensitive dopamine detection

A new tetrakis(phthalocyaninato) europium(III)–cadmium(II) quadruple-decker complex {[Pc(SC6H13)8]Eu[Pc(SC6H13)8]Cd[Pc(SC6H13)8]Eu[Pc(SC6H13)8]} (1) has been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Electrochemical measurement reveals the location of its HOMO and LUMO energy levels in the ranges that are necessary for organic ambipolar semiconductors. Furthermore, both the OFET and gas sensing properties were studied on the self-assembled film of the quadruple-decker fabricated by a solution processable Quasi–Langmuir–Shafer (QLS) method. Ambipolar OFET properties are revealed with carrier mobilities of 5.6 × 10−3 and 1.2 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the holes and electrons, respectively. Meanwhile, an effective response to NO2 in the concentration range from 0.25 to 2.5 ppm was obtained, which indicates the potential application of the quadruple-decker phthalocyanine complex in organic semiconductors.

A sandwich-type tetrakis(phthalocyaninato) europium–cadmium quadruple-decker complex: structural, spectroscopic, OFET, and gas sensing properties

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Porphyrin/MoS2 film for ultrasensitive dopamine detection

A sandwich-type tetrakis(phthalocyaninato) europium–cadmium quadruple-decker complex: structural, spectroscopic, OFET, and gas sensing properties