We review here the derivation of many of the most important models that appear in the literature (mainly in coastal oceanography) for the description of waves in shallow water. We show that these models can be obtained using various asymptotic expansions of the "turbulent" and non-hydrostatic terms that appear in the equations that result from the vertical integration of the free surface Euler equations. Among these models are the well-known nonlinear shallow water (NSW), Boussinesq and Serre-Green-Naghdi (SGN) equations for which we review several pending open problems. More recent models such as the multi-layer NSW or SGN systems, as well as the Isobe-Kakinuma equations are also reviewed under a unified formalism that should simplify comparisons. We also comment on the scalar versions of the various shallow water systems which can be used to describe unidirectional waves in horizontal dimension $d=1$; among them are the KdV, BBM, Camassa-Holm and Whitham equations. Finally, we show how to take vorticity effects into account in shallow water modeling, with specific focus on the behavior of the turbulent terms. As examples of challenges that go beyond the present scope of mathematical justification, we review recent works using shallow water models with vorticity to describe wave breaking, and also derive models for the propagation of shallow water waves over strong currents.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6544/ab6c7c/pdf

Modeling shallow water waves

Isobe–Kakinuma model for water waves as a higher order shallow water approximation

We consider the initial value problem to the Isobe–Kakinuma model for water waves and the structure of the model The Isobe–Kakinuma model is the Euler–Lagrange equations for an approximate Lagrangian which is derived from Luke’s Lagrangian for water waves by approximating the velocity potential in the Lagrangian The Isobe–Kakinuma model is a system of second order partial differential equations and is classified into a system of nonlinear dispersive equations Since the hypersurface $$t=0$$
 is characteristic for the Isobe–Kakinuma model, the initial data have to be restricted in an infinite dimensional manifold for the existence of the solution Under this necessary condition and a sign condition, which corresponds to a generalized Rayleigh–Taylor sign condition for water waves, on the initial data, we show that the initial value problem is solvable locally in time in Sobolev spaces We also discuss the linear dispersion relation to the model

pdf/solvability-of-the-initial-value-problem-to-the-isobe-46kdaxr97v.pdf

Solvability of the Initial Value Problem to the Isobe–Kakinuma Model for Water Waves

We justify rigorously an Isobe-Kakinuma model for water waves as a higher order shallow water approximation in the case of a flat bottom. It is known that the full water wave equations are approximated by the shallow water equations with an error of order $O(\delta^2)$, where $\delta$ is a small nondimensional parameter defined as the ratio of the mean depth to the typical wavelength. The Green-Naghdi equations are known as higher order approximate equations to the water wave equations with an error of order $O(\delta^4)$. In this paper we show that the Isobe-Kakinuma model is a much higher order approximation to the water wave equations with an error of order $O(\delta^6)$.

Isobe-Kakinuma model for water waves as a higher order shallow water approximation

We consider the Isobe–Kakinuma model for water waves, which is obtained as the system of Euler–Lagrange equations for a Lagrangian approximating Luke’s Lagrangian for water waves. We show that the Isobe–Kakinuma model also enjoys a Hamiltonian structure analogous to the one exhibited by V. E. Zakharov on the full water wave problem and, moreover, that the Hamiltonian of the Isobe–Kakinuma model is a higher order shallow water approximation to the one of the full water wave problem.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02299441/document

A Hamiltonian Structure of the Isobe-Kakinuma Model for Water Waves

We consider the initial value problem to a model system for water waves. The model system is the Euler-Lagrange equations for an approximate Lagrangian which is derived from Luke's Lagrangian for water waves by approximating the velocity potential in the Lagrangian. The model are nonlinear dispersive equations and the hypersurface t = 0 is characteristic for the model equations. Therefore, the initial data have to be restricted in an infinite dimensional manifold in order to the existence of the solution. Under this necessary condition and a sign condition, which corresponds to a generalized Rayleigh-Taylor sign condition for water waves, on the initial data, we show that the initial value problem is solvable locally in time in Sobolev spaces.

/pdf/solvability-of-the-initial-value-problem-to-a-model-system-42dm8zvvdm.pdf

Solvability of the initial value problem to a model system for water waves

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Solvability of the initial value problem to a model system for water waves