Neutron imaging experiments were carried out to measure the water content of an operating proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under varying conditions of current density and temperature. It was found that the water content of the PEMFC is strongly coupled to the current density and temperature of the cell. These measurements indicate that changes in water content lag changes in current density by at least 100 s, both when the current density was increased and decreased. Less liquid water was measured in the cells when operating at 80°C than at 40°C. At 60°C cell temperature, a peak in water content was observed around 650 mA/cm 2 and the water content was found to decrease with increasing current density. This is explained in the context of cell heating by performing a simple thermal analysis of an operating PEMFC so as to yield quantitative information on the waste heat and its effects on the liquid water contained in the cell.

Real-time imaging of liquid water in an operating proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are known as a promising alternative for internal combustion engines (ICE) to reduce pollution. Recent progress of PEMFCs is heading towards achieving higher power densities, reducing the refueling time, and decreasing the degradations, to facilitate the commercialization of hydrogen mobility. Model-assisted stack component development, diagnosis, and management are essential to ensure improved stack design and operation for tackling the existing implementation challenges of PEMFCs. Past reviews usually touched on a specific aspect, which can hardly provide the readers a complete picture of the key challenges and advances in water management. This paper aims at delivering a comprehensive source to review, from both experimental, analytical, and numerical viewpoints, the key operational challenges, and solutions of the stack to improve water/thermal management and cold start. In addition to presenting the fundamental theory to develop an analytical model, the recent advances in the flow field design, nanofluid coolants, and cold-start methods. Furthermore, the impacts of microstructural properties and the design of the porous layers on the water/thermal management are described. 

A review on the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) water/thermal management: From theory to the current challenges and real-time fault diagnosis methods

An efficient cold start strategy for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks

Measurement of solidification heat from supercooled water freezing during PEFC cold start and visualization of ice distribution

Investigation on sub-zero start-up of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell using un-assisted cold start strategy

Management of heat and liquid water transport is important for further improvement of PEMFC performance. In this study, the effect of MPL properties on temperature and liquid water distribution was investigated. An X-ray CT apparatus was used for visualizing the liquid water in the GDL, and Au - Ni thin film thermocouples with a thickness of about 9 μm were fabricated using MEMS technology and used for the temperature measurement.

Effect of MPL Properties on Temperature and Liquid Water Distribution in a GDL

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Measurement of solidification heat from supercooled water freezing during PEFC cold start and visualization of ice distribution

Effect of MPL Properties on Temperature and Liquid Water Distribution in a GDL