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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Jellyfish as innovative bioindicator for plastic pollution

Selective suppression of in situ proliferation of scyphozoan polyps by biofouling.

The size of medusa populations in most scyphozoan species can be affected by the size of their benthic polyp populations, which reproduce asexually to give birth to planktonic ephyrae, but also are subject to predation by natural enemies. In this study, five gastropod species (Calliostoma unicum, Pleurobranchaea japonica, Hermissenda crassicornis, Sakuraeolis enosimensis and S. sakuracea) and three crustacean species (Rhynchocinetes uritai, La- treutes anoplonyx and Hyastenus diacanthus) were found to prey on polyps of the moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurita s.l., in Japanese coastal waters. In particular, C. unicum, P. japonica, H. crassicornis, R. uritai and H. diacanthus con- sumed more than 300 polyps per predator per day in the laboratory. These predators are common on natural rocky or pebbled seabeds, but are very scarce on various substrates in concrete-walled fishing ports, particularly on the under- surfaces of floating piers, where A. aurita polyps are attached in abundance. Transplanting natural predators to sub- strates with dense polyp colonies, just prior to their seasonal strobilation, is a possible countermeasure to prevent re- current medusa blooms.

Natural predators of polyps of Aurelia aurita s.l. (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Semaeostomeae) and their predation rates

Studies of strobilation of scyphozoan polyp populations in the field are essential for determination of the natural seasonal period of ephyra release and for predicting the size of medusa populations, but they have rarely been conducted. We set up experimental polyp colonies of 3 scyphozoans (Aurelia coerulea, Nemopilema nomurai, Rhopilema esculentum) on settling plates in Jiaozhou Bay, China, and monitored them at 2-7 d intervals for 8 mo (December 2012 to August 2013). Polyps of A. coerulea survived, even proliferating by budding during the entire period, while those of N. nomurai and R. esculentum experienced high mortality and died out after strobilation. Strobilation in all 3 species occurred from late winter to early summer, but the exact timing, duration, frequency, strobilation percentage, and disc numbers strobila(-1) differed by species. A. coerulea started strobilation earliest, on 25 February (temperature: 3.9 degrees C), and persisted for 105 d until 9 June (18.1 degrees C). N. nomurai strobilated from 28 March to 9 June (6.4-18.1 degrees C), with some performing a second, less conspicuous strobilation from 6 May to 9 June (12.0-18.1 degrees C). R. esculentum strobilated last, from 15 April to 8 July (9.0-21.5 degrees C). Greater polyp population resilience in A. coerulea over N. nomurai and R. esculentum can be attributed, at least in part, to persistent propagation by budding, which may facilitate the annually recurring medusa blooms of A. coerulea observed in the region. The latter 2 species may give rise to medusa blooms only when their vulnerable polyps have survived well. Due to the later strobilation, R. esculentum ephyrae may be susceptible to competition for food with and predation by post-ephyra stages of A. coerulea and N. nomurai.

Strobilation of three scyphozoans (Aurelia coelurea, Nemopilema nomurai, and Rhopilema esculentum) in the field at Jiaozhou Bay, China

The Earliest Japanese records of the invasive European ascidian Ascidiella aspersa (Müller, 1776) (Urochordata: Ascidiidae) from Mutsu and Ago Bays, with a brief discussion of its invasion processes

Blooms of moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l. occur in various vertical distribution patterns within the water column. Reasons for these distribution patterns have remained obscure. To quantify the influence of pycnocline and low dissolved oxygen (DO) on the vertical distribution of A. aurita aggregations, we investigated temperature, salinity, DO, and observed densities of A. aurita at 1–2 m depth intervals via video camera in a eutrophicated, enclosed bay, Mikawa Bay, Japan, for 3 years. During the observed period, stratification and hypoxic status of the bay varied seasonally and interannually due to climatic events, such as rainy season and typhoon passage. Both sharp pycnocline and low DO limited A. aurita vertical distribution. The more strongly stratified the water column, the more the upper boundary of A. aurita distribution was restricted. Bottom hypoxic water limited the lower boundary of A. aurita distribution. The DO threshold for in situ distribution was estimated to be ~2.5 mg l−1, which is much higher than the experimentally obtained, sublethal values identified in previous studies. Our results show that climatic events affect A. aurita vertical distribution through changes in the physical characteristics of the water column.

Quantitative effects of pycnocline and dissolved oxygen on vertical distribution of moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l.: a case study of Mikawa Bay, Japan

We surveyed the distribution of colonies of polyps of Aurelia
 aurita sensu lato (s.l.) in Mikawa Bay, Japan. First, we surveyed the distribution of ephyrae of A. aurita s.l. at 75 stations encompassing the whole of Mikawa Bay in early 2008. A total of 37 ephyrae were sampled mostly from fishing ports. Ephyrae were most abundant around the islands located near the mouth of the bay, and decreased from the western part to the eastern part of Mikawa Bay. Next, we selected five fishing ports in Mikawa Bay where ephyrae occurred and surveyed the underside of floating piers and underwater overhangs of wharfs. We found dense colonies of polyps of A. aurita s.l. under nearly all of the floating piers at the two islands located near the mouth of the bay. Fitting a logistic regression model to the dataset showed that the percentage coverage of Aurelia polyps was significantly greater at the two islands compared with the other locations. In addition, the coverage of Aurelia polyps was greater when the coverage of other fouling organisms was in the range of 65–90%, and the coverage of Aurelia polyps was lower on floating piers with a vinyl surface and on concrete wharfs. The combined distribution of polyp colonies of A. aurita s.l. in Ise Bay and Mikawa Bay suggested that A. aurita s.l. in the two bays probably forms a single population and shoals of medusae mainly originate from protected harbors along the mouth-part of the bays.

Distribution of ephyrae and polyps of jellyfish Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus 1758) sensu lato in Mikawa Bay, Japan

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The Earliest Japanese records of the invasive European ascidian Ascidiella aspersa (Müller, 1776) (Urochordata: Ascidiidae) from Mutsu and Ago Bays, with a brief discussion of its invasion processes

Quantitative effects of pycnocline and dissolved oxygen on vertical distribution of moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l.: a case study of Mikawa Bay, Japan

Distribution of ephyrae and polyps of jellyfish Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus 1758) sensu lato in Mikawa Bay, Japan