The removal of toxic heavy metal ions from wastewater is of great significance in the protection of the environment and human health. Poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (PGA) is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and highly water-soluble polymer possessing carboxyl and imino functional groups. Herein, water-insoluble PGA-based hydrogels were prepared, characterized, and investigated as heavy metal adsorbents. The prepared hydrogels were recyclable and exhibited good adsorption effects on heavy metal ions including Cu2+, Cr6+, and Zn2+. The effects of adsorption parameters including temperature, solution pH, initial concentration of metal ions, and contact time on the adsorption capacity of the hydrogel for Cu2+ were investigated. The adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, implying a physical and monolayer adsorption. The adsorption mechanisms investigation exhibited that Cu2+ adsorbed on the hydrogel via electrostatic interactions with anionic carboxylate groups of PGA in addition to the coordination interactions with the –NH groups. Importantly, the PGA hydrogel exhibited good reusability and the adsorption capability for Cu2+ remained high after five consecutive cycles. The properties of PGA hydrogel make it a potential candidate material for heavy metal ion removal in wastewater treatment.

Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Poly(Gamma-Glutamic Acid)-Based Hydrogel

ABSTRACT The rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations in the atmosphere, primarily attributed to anthropogenic activities, have led to unprecedented environmental challenges like climate change and global warming. This comprehensive review examines the adsorption of CO 2 on various adsorbents, focusing on their potential application as fertilizers. The review begins by providing a general overview of the present state of CO 2 emissions and their environmental impact, emphasizing the urgency of finding practical solutions. The discussion then shifts to the adsorption mechanisms involved in CO 2 capture, exploring physical adsorption, chemical adsorption, and hybrid approaches. The subsequent sections cover CO₂ capture materials inorganic (metal oxides, silica, clays, and zeolites), carbon‐based (adsorbents and biochar), porous frameworks (gels and ion‐exchange resins), functionalized/polymeric (amine‐based materials, amino acids [AAs], and polymers), and hybrid and process‐integrated (sorbent‐enhanced water–gas shift [SEWGS] and others). The effects of pressure, temperature, and environmental gases on adsorption behavior are also examined. Notably, the review explores the potential of CO 2 ‐loaded adsorbents as fertilizers, investigating their ability to enhance plant growth and soil fertility. The impact of these materials on soil properties, nutrient availability, and microbial activity is discussed to assess their overall effectiveness in agricultural applications. The review also discusses the emerging innovations in CO 2 capture and utilization and real‐world applications of CO 2 ‐based fertilizers. Challenges are also addressed, including scalability, economic feasibility, and further research to optimize the performance of CO₂‐loaded adsorbents as fertilizers. The review further emphasizes a comprehensive evaluation of the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of CO₂ capture‐to‐fertilizer pathways, highlighting production costs, scalability challenges, and life‐cycle impacts to guide practical implementation. The findings presented herein contribute to the evolving discourse on climate change mitigation and sustainable agriculture, offering insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners alike. 

Advances in CO 2 Capture Materials: From Strategies to CO 2 ‐Based Fertilizers for a Sustainable Future

In order to alleviate the influence of "greenhouse effect" on global climate change, the effective utilization of CO2 to prepare fine chemicals should be paid more attention to, however, which is greatly blocked by the catalyst with low efficiency. Here, alkali metal (Li, Na, or K) is employed as a modification aid to prepare CuO/ZrO2 catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. The effects of alkali metal on physico‐chemical properties and catalytic activities of CuO/ZrO2 catalyst were studied in detail by the XRD, N2‐physisorption, ICP‐OES, SEM/EDS, H2/N2O/CO2/NH3‐chemisorption, and evaluation test. The results verified that the use of complex combustion method enabled the uniform combination of all components in precursor. High‐temperature calcination (700 oC) further enhanced the strong interaction and synergistic effect between Cu and ZrO2. Most importantly, the introduction of alkali metal effectively altered the structure and catalytic activity of CuO/ZrO2 catalysts. However, the selectivity to methanol increased while the CO2 conversion decreased regardless of different kinds of alkali metal being introduced to the CuO/ZrO2 catalysts. For example, CuO/ZrO2 catalyst modified by K exhibited excellent performance for methanol production that 98.9% selectivity of methanol based on 8.8% conversion of CO2 after 48 h online reaction. 

Enhanced selectivity to methanol in CO2 hydrogenation on CuO/ZrO2 catalysts by alkali metal modification

The catalytic synthesis of 1,2-pentanediol from biomass-derived feedstocks is of remarkable significance for addressing current environmental challenges and energy crises. In this paper, a series of Pt-based catalysts were prepared and evaluated in the hydrogenolysis of furfuryl alcohol. The 5Pt0.5Y/MgO provided a 1,2-pentanediol yield of 68.9% and a tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol yield of 19.8% with 98.1% conversion of furfuryl alcohol, at 200 °C and 2 MPa H2 for 10 h. The promotional effect of yttrium on the catalytic performance was investigated through catalytic reaction and comprehensive characterization. It was found that the reducibility of Pt species was suppressed by the introduction of Y species, resulting in reduced activity compared to the 5Pt/MgO catalyst. However, the addition of Y notably shifted the reaction pathway towards 1,2-pentanediol formation at the expense of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol selectivity. This increase in 1,2-pentanediol selectivity was attributed to a higher concentration of medium-strength basic sites on the Y-modified Pt catalyst. Furthermore, the strong interaction between Y2O3, Pt particles, and the MgO support led to high Pt dispersion and stability on the MgO surface, consequently yielding satisfactory recyclability. 

Hydrogenolysis of Biomass-Based Furfuryl Alcohol into 1,2-Pentanediol over Magnesium Oxide-Supported Pt-Y Bimetallic Catalysts

For preparation of functional materials, the facile and efficient complexing-combustion method has many advantages such as the easily operating, no washing and filtration process, a slight loss of the products obtained, material saving, and so on. Here, CuO–La2O3/ZrO2 catalysts were prepared by using various amino acids as complexing-combustion agents for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Based on the results of characterization by N2 physical adsorption, SEM, XRD, XPS, and chemisorption, along with the experimental data, it was found that the structure and catalytic activity of as-obtained catalysts depended on the group type and carbon chain length of amino acids. Among them, L-glutamic acid had two carboxyl hydrophilic groups and a moderately long carbon chain, which was conducive to the formation of a larger specific surface area along with abundant pores and a smaller grain size of CuO. Moreover, the prepared catalyst showed a higher Cu dispersion and the abundant surface acidic/basic sites. As a result, the larger Cu+/Cu0 surface area contributed to the active adsorption of H2 and CO2 molecules, which greatly improved the hydrogenation of CO2, while the methanol production increased with the increase of surface basicity/acidity. For example, the selectivity to methanol of 87.9%, which corresponded to a methanol yield of 120 mg/(h gcatalyst), was obtained along with a stable online performance (life span more than 144 h) at 2.2 MPa, 220°C, H2/CO2 = 2, and GHSV = 3000 h−1. 

Comparative study on CuO–La
 2
 O
 3
 /ZrO
 2
 catalysts prepared by amino acid complexing‐combustion in CO
 2
 hydrogenation

Nd-doped MgO-based adsorbent performance for CO2 capture

Study on the effects of Nd-doping on the performance of Cu-based CO2 hydrogenation catalysts with different oxide supports

Study on the homologous effects on the performance of alkali metal-doping MgO-based adsorbents for CO2 capture

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Comparative study on CuO–La 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 catalysts prepared by amino acid complexing‐combustion in CO 2 hydrogenation

Nd-doped MgO-based adsorbent performance for CO2 capture

Study on the effects of Nd-doping on the performance of Cu-based CO2 hydrogenation catalysts with different oxide supports

Study on the homologous effects on the performance of alkali metal-doping MgO-based adsorbents for CO2 capture