Bio-based tannic acid as a raw material for membrane surface modification

Significance Plants know the exact time of flowering by sensing the photoperiod. Flowering time is an important agronomic trait in crops. In order to ensure that crops maintain high yields in different latitudes, cultivars need to accurately adjust the flowering time of plants according to local photoperiod and environmental conditions. In many plants, phytochromes have been found to be involved in photoperiodic flowering, but the molecular mechanisms of how they control photoperiod flowering are not fully understood. Through a series of biochemical, molecular, and genetic analyses of soybean phytochrome A, we reveal a photoperiod flowering mechanism in plants by which the phytochrome A regulates LUX and E1 activity.

Novel and multifaceted regulations of photoperiodic flowering by phytochrome A in soybean

The photoperiodic response is critical for plants to adjust their reproductive phase to the most favorable season. Wheat heads earlier under long days (LD) than under short days (SD) and this difference is mainly regulated by the PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD1) gene. Tetraploid wheat plants carrying the Ppd-A1a allele with a large deletion in the promoter head earlier under SD than plants carrying the wildtype Ppd-A1b allele with an intact promoter. Phytochromes PHYB and PHYC are necessary for the light activation of PPD1, and mutations in either of these genes result in the downregulation of PPD1 and very late heading time. We show here that both effects are reverted when the phyB mutant is combined with loss-of-function mutations in EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), a component of the Evening Complex (EC) in the circadian clock. We also show that the wheat ELF3 protein interacts with PHYB and PHYC, is rapidly modified by light, and binds to the PPD1 promoter in planta (likely as part of the EC). Deletion of the ELF3 binding region in the Ppd-A1a promoter results in PPD1 upregulation at dawn, similar to PPD1 alleles with intact promoters in the elf3 mutant background. The upregulation of PPD1 is correlated with the upregulation of the florigen gene FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1) and early heading time. Loss-of-function mutations in PPD1 result in the downregulation of FT1 and delayed heading, even when combined with the elf3 mutation. Taken together, these results indicate that ELF3 operates downstream of PHYB as a direct transcriptional repressor of PPD1, and that this repression is relaxed both by light and by the deletion of the ELF3 binding region in the Ppd-A1a promoter. In summary, the regulation of the light mediated activation of PPD1 by ELF3 is critical for the photoperiodic regulation of wheat heading time. 

/pdf/early-flowering-3-interactions-with-phytochrome-b-and-1msmmyjj.pdf

EARLY FLOWERING 3 interactions with PHYTOCHROME B and PHOTOPERIOD1 are critical for the photoperiodic regulation of wheat heading time

Correct measurement of environmental parameters is fundamental for plant fitness and survival, as well as for timing developmental transitions, including the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth. Important parameters that affect flowering time include day length (photoperiod) and temperature. Their response pathways have been best described in Arabidopsis, which currently offers a detailed conceptual framework and serves as a comparison for other species. Rice, the focus of this review, also possesses a photoperiodic flowering pathway, but 150 million years of divergent evolution in very different environments have diversified its molecular architecture. The ambient temperature perception pathway is strongly intertwined with the photoperiod pathway and essentially converges on the same genes to modify flowering time. When observing network topologies, it is evident that the rice flowering network is centered on EARLY HEADING DATE 1, a rice-specific transcriptional regulator. Here, we summarize the most important features of the rice photoperiodic flowering network, with an emphasis on its uniqueness, and discuss its connections with hormonal, temperature perception, and stress pathways. 

Environmental Control of Rice Flowering Time.

Fabrication of firm, superhydrophobic and antimicrobial PVDF@ZnO@TA@DT electrospun nanofibrous membranes for emulsion separation

Significance Plants use photoperiod information to control flowering. Flowering in rice is accelerated by short days, while other plants, such as Arabidopsis, flower in response to long days. The molecular mechanisms controlling photoperiod-dependent flowering in rice are not fully understood. Previous experiments have demonstrated the presence of several floral repressors that confer relatively mild flowering phenotypes. Here we show that the rice evening complex of the circadian clock is essential for the activation of flowering. We find that the evening complex (EC) binds directly to the promoters of floral repressors, reducing their transcription. These findings are consistent with a key role for the EC in controlling flowering in many diverse species including soybean, barley, Brachypodium, and Arabidopsis.

The evening complex integrates photoperiod signals to control flowering in rice

Chitosan-based composite films with good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and sustainability are extensively employed in the field of food packaging. In this study, novel chitosan/tannic acid (CTA) and chitosan/oxidized tannic acid (COTA) composite films with excellent mechanical and antibacterial properties were prepared using a tape casting method. The results showed that, when 20% tannic acid (TA) was added, the tensile strength of the CTA composite film was 80.7 MPa, which was 89.4% higher than that of the pure chitosan (CS) film. TA was oxidized to oxidized tannic acid (OTA) with laccase, and the phenolic hydroxyl groups were oxidized to an o-quinone structure. With the addition of OTA, a Schiff base reaction between the OTA and CS occurred, and a dual network structure consisting of a chemical bond and hydrogen bond was constructed, which further improved the mechanical properties. The tensile strength of 3% COTA composite film was increased by 97.2% compared to that of pure CS film. Furthermore, these CTA films with significant antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli (E. coli) are likely to find uses in food packaging applications.

/pdf/preparation-and-characterization-of-high-mechanical-strength-2c2s1kq1.pdf

Preparation and Characterization of High Mechanical Strength Chitosan/Oxidized Tannic Acid Composite Film with Schiff Base and Hydrogen Bond Crosslinking

In order to reduce the threat of ‘plastic pollution’ and reduce or eliminate some traditional polymer packaging materials, in this study, soybean protein isolate (SPI) composite film, a biodegradable natural polymer film, was prepared by tape casting method with Thyme (Thy) and mangosteen peel extracts (MPE) as antibacterial agents. The antibacterial rates of the composite films against E. coli and S. aureus were 95.79% and 92.63%, respectively, and the DPPH free radical scavenging rate was 70.28%. The composite film had good UV–visible barrier properties. Compared with the pure SPI film, the tensile strength of the composite film was improved, the water absorption, water solubility, and water vapor permeability were reduced, and the contact angle was improved. The maximum thermal decomposition temperature of the composite film increased and the thermal stability increased. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies showed the polyphenol-protein of the composite film was bound by hydrophobic interaction. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) showed good interaction with the protein structure by adding antibacterial substances and their aromatic quinone structures. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies showed that the crystallinity of the composite films increased. Therefore, the composite membrane in this study can be used to prepare high-strength packaging materials with antibacterial functions. 

Fabrication of
 anti‐UV
 absorbing and antibacterial soybean protein isolate composite film modified with thyme and mangosteen peel extracts

In order to alleviate plastic pollution and to substitute specific conventional polymer packaging, this research deployed biodegradable soy protein isolate (SPI) as a basis to create natural polymer composite films, integrating walnut peel extract (WPE) and carvacrol (CV) for their inherent antibacterial properties. The inhibition rates of the SPI/WPE5%/CV5% composite film on E.coli and S.aureus were 99.66% and 99.52%, the DPPH radical was 73.3% and ABTS radical was 95.5%. The SPI/WPE5%/CV5% composite film also exhibited excellent UV-visible barrier properties. Compared with the pure SPI film, the tensile strength of the SPI/WPE5%/CV5% composite film increased by 89.00%, the water solubility increased by 2.67%, and the water vapor permeability was reduced by 7.69%, While the water contact angle increased by 155.93%. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies possibly indicate that the polyphenol-proteins in the SPI/WPE/CV composite film are bound together by hydrogen bonding. X-ray Diffraction study demonstrated that the crystallinity of the SWC films increased. Scanning Electron Microscope results revealed the surface level and internal molecular structure of the SWC films. Thermal weight analysis showed that after adding WPE and CV, the thermal properties of the SWC films improved. This study explored release of the film and found that the composite film can continuously release polyphenols, which play an antibacterial and antioxidant role.

Characterization and antibacterial of soybean protein isolate composite film with carvacrol and walnut peel extract

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The evening complex integrates photoperiod signals to control flowering in rice

Preparation and Characterization of High Mechanical Strength Chitosan/Oxidized Tannic Acid Composite Film with Schiff Base and Hydrogen Bond Crosslinking

Fabrication of anti‐UV absorbing and antibacterial soybean protein isolate composite film modified with thyme and mangosteen peel extracts

Characterization and antibacterial of soybean protein isolate composite film with carvacrol and walnut peel extract