Presently, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are two dominant flat panel display technologies Recently, inorganic mini-LEDs (mLEDs) and micro-LEDs (μLEDs) have emerged by significantly enhancing the dynamic range of LCDs or as sunlight readable emissive displays "mLED, OLED, or μLED: who wins?" is a heated debatable question In this review, we conduct a comprehensive analysis on the material properties, device structures, and performance of mLED/μLED/OLED emissive displays and mLED backlit LCDs We evaluate the power consumption and ambient contrast ratio of each display in depth and systematically compare the motion picture response time, dynamic range, and adaptability to flexible/transparent displays The pros and cons of mLED, OLED, and μLED displays are analysed, and their future perspectives are discussed

/pdf/mini-led-micro-led-and-oled-displays-present-status-and-1231h0pbyk.pdf

Mini-LED, Micro-LED and OLED displays: present status and future perspectives

Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Displays: Perspectives and Challenges.

J Soc Inf Display. 2019;27:387–401. Abstract We review the emerging mini/micro–light‐emitting diode (LED) displays featuring high dynamic range and good sunlight readability. For mini‐LED backlit liquid crystal displays (LCDs), we quantitatively evaluate how the device contrast ratio, local dimming zone number, and local light profile affect the image quality. For the emissive mini/micro‐LED displays, the challenges of ambient contrast ratio and size‐dependent power efficiency are analyzed. Two figure‐of‐merits are proposed for optimizing the optical and electrical performances of mini/micro‐LED displays.

Prospects and challenges of mini-LED and micro-LED displays

Micro light-emitting diode (microLED) technology is expected to be used in next-generation displays and other applications due to its many advantages. This paper categorizes, reviews, and analyzes the main challenges and technical solutions in the microLED displays manufacturing process, covering epitaxial growth, wafer fabrication, mass transfer, control circuit, and panel. In the overview section, the comparison between microLED, liquid crystal display, and organic light-emitting diode displays, as well as the various applications of microLEDs, are reviewed. In the same part, the specific challenges of microLED manufacturing are also discussed, including full-color operation, reduced external quantum efficiency (EQE), low-efficiency and low-yield mass transfer, and structure and process design from a system perspective. In the epitaxial growth section, the requirements, problems, and technical developments of epitaxial growth, especially the growth of AlInGaN red LED, have been reviewed. The microLED chip characterization and fabrication section present the reasons for the low EQE of microLEDs and the methods to overcome this problem. This section also includes the unique characteristics and theories of microLEDs, compared with those of traditional broad-area LEDs. Various mass transfer technologies are summarized in the mass transfer section. The design and operation mechanism of the microLED control circuit is discussed in the control circuit and panel section. This section also introduces the manufacturing and performance improvement of the backplane and the panel. The best way to use this review is to read the overview section first, get a big picture of microLEDs, read the chip section to learn about their special features and reasons behind them, and then go to the parts you are interested in.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6463/abcfe4/pdf

MicroLED technologies and applications: characteristics, fabrication, progress, and challenges

Red-green-blue (RGB) full-color micro light-emitting diodes (μ-LEDs) fabricated from semipolar (20-21) wafers, with a quantum-dot photoresist color-conversion layer, were demonstrated. The semipolar (20-21) InGaN/GaN μ-LEDs were fabricated on large (4 in.) patterned sapphire substrates by orientation-controlled epitaxy. The semipolar μ-LEDs showed a 3.2 nm peak wavelength shift and a 14.7% efficiency droop under 200  A/cm2 injected current density, indicating significant amelioration of the quantum-confined Stark effect. Because of the semipolar μ-LEDs’ emission-wavelength stability, the RGB pixel showed little color shift with current density and achieved a wide color gamut (114.4% NTSC space and 85.4% Rec. 2020).

/pdf/full-color-micro-led-display-with-high-color-stability-using-8ky5gthmip.pdf

Full-color micro-LED display with high color stability using semipolar (20-21) InGaN LEDs and quantum-dot photoresist

Sidewall emission of a micro-scale light emitting diode (micro-LED) improves the light extraction efficiency, but it causes mismatched angular distributions between AlGaInP-based red micro-LED and InGaN-based blue/green counterparts due to material difference. As a result, color shift of RGB micro-LED displays may become visually noticeable. To address this issue, we first analyze the angular distributions of RGB micro-LEDs and obtain good agreement between simulation and experiment. Next, we propose a device structure with top black matrix and taper angle in micro-LEDs, which greatly suppresses the color shift while keeping a reasonably high light extraction efficiency.

Angular color shift of micro-LED displays

Micro-scale light emitting diode (micro-LED) with a chip size less than 100 μm has improved light extraction efficiency due to increased sidewall emission. However, it causes mismatched angular distributions between AlGaInP-based red micro-LED and InGaN-based blue/green counterparts because of the epitaxial material difference. As a result, color shift of RGB micro-LED displays may become visually noticeable. To address this issue, the angular distributions of RGB micro-LEDs are analyzed theoretically and experimentally. In addition, a device structure with top black matrix and taper angle in micro-LEDs is proposed, which greatly suppresses the color shift while keeping a reasonably high light extraction efficiency.

High-efficiency micro-LED displays with indistinguishable color shift

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Angular color shift of micro-LED displays

High-efficiency micro-LED displays with indistinguishable color shift