Polymeric and textile based materials constitute the majority of market products, however, due to their low thermal stability and high flammability hazards, their uses are limited in some applications. Therefore, flame retardant materials have to be dispersed as fillers in polymer matrix and coated on textile fabrics to enhance their fire safety and thermal stability. Graphene is two-dimensional materials and considered as a promising carbon nanomaterials with sp2-hybridization and with unique properties. In this review article conventional flame retardant and different methods of synthesis of graphene layers were summarized. Also, the possibility of use graphene sheets alone as flame retardant material for polymeric materials was reviewed and compared with other common nanofillers. Graphene sheets and their composite as flame retardant nanofillers for polymers and flame retardant coating for textiles are discussed in details. Synergistic flame retardant effect of use of nanoparticles decorated graphene sheets as flame retardant for polymer nanocomposites are discussed.

Recent advances in graphene sheets as new generation of flame retardant materials

Sustainable and multifunctional cellulose-lignin films with excellent antibacterial and UV-shielding for active food packaging

In this work, a novel type of phosphorus containing hyperbranched polysiloxane (P-HBPSi) was synthesized by sol–gel method, and then utilized to functionalize graphene oxide (P-HBPSi@GO). The P-HBPSi@GO hybrids were mixed with TPU by melt compounding. The SEM observation revealed that the P-HBPSi@GO dispersed homogeneously in the TPU matrix with good compatibility. The TPU/P-HBPSi@GO-2.0 maintained high ductility with elongation at break of 1750.8%. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of TPU/P-HBPSi@GO-2.0 were reduced by 63.5% and 20.9%, respectively. In addition, the peak smoke production rate and total smoke production of TPU nanocomposites were also reduced dramatically by 58.3% and 36.4%, respectively. The production of phosphorus free radical scavengers in the gas phase and the barrier effects of GO nanosheets, catalytic charring and the unique Si-O-Si framework of P-HBPSi flame retardant in the condensed phase contributed to the outstanding flame retardancy and toxic gas suppression of TPU/P-HBPSi@GO nanocomposites.

Facile preparation of phosphorus containing hyperbranched polysiloxane grafted graphene oxide hybrid toward simultaneously enhanced flame retardancy and smoke suppression of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites

Life cycle design of fully bio-based poly(lactic acid) composites with high flame retardancy, UV resistance, and degradation capacity

With the increasing production of petroleum-based plastics, the problem of environmental pollution caused by plastics has aroused widespread concern. Microplastics, which are formed by the fragmentation of macro plastics, are bio-accumulate easily due to their small size and slow degradation under natural conditions. The aging of plastics is an inevitable process for their degradation and enhancement of adsorption performance toward pollutants due to a series of changes in their physiochemical properties, which significantly increase the toxicity and harm of plastics. Therefore, studies should focus on the aging process of microplastics through reasonable characterization methods to promote the aging process and prevent white pollution. This review summarizes the latest progress in natural aging process and characterization methods to determine the natural aging mechanism of microplastics. In addition, recent advances in the artificial aging of microplastic pollutants are reviewed. The degradation status and by-products of biodegradable plastics in the natural environment and whether they can truly solve the plastic pollution problem have been discussed. Findings from the literature pointed out that the aging process of microplastics lacks professional and exclusive characterization methods, which include qualitative and quantitative analyses. To lessen the toxicity of microplastics in the environment, future research directions have been suggested based on existing problems in the current research. This review could provide a systematic reference for in-depth exploration of the aging mechanism and behavior of microplastics in natural and artificial systems. 

/pdf/mechanism-and-characterization-of-microplastic-aging-process-16ymimu0.pdf

Mechanism and characterization of microplastic aging process: A review

Interface engineering of graphene oxide containing phosphorus/nitrogen towards fire safety enhancement for thermoplastic polyurethane

Metal single atoms show outstanding electrocatalytic activity owing to the abundant atomic reactive sites and superior stability. However, the preparation of single atoms suffers from inexorable metal aggregation which is harmful to electrocatalytic activity. Here, ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) are employed as the sacrificial precursor to mitigate the metal aggregation and subsequent formation of bulky particles. Molecular dynamics simulation shows that iCOFs can trap and confine more Co ions as compared to neutral COFs, resulting in the formation of a catalyst composed of Co single atoms and uniformly distributed Co nanoparticles (CoSA&CoNP‐10). However, the neutral COFs derive a catalyst composed of Co atomic clusters and large Co nanoparticles (CoAC&CoNP‐25). The CoSA&CoNP‐10 catalyst exhibits higher oxygen bifunctional electrocatalytic activities than CoAC&CoNP‐25, coinciding with the density functional theory results. Taking the CoSA&CoNP‐10 as the air cathode in Zn–air batteries (ZABs), the aqueous ZAB presents a high power density of 181 mW cm−2, a specific capacity of 811 mAh g−1 as well as a long cycle life of 407 h at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, while the quasi‐solid state ZAB displays a power density of 179 mW cm−2 and the cycle life of 30 h.

Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks‐Derived Cobalt Single Atoms and Nanoparticles for Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysis

Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) in quasi-solid state Zn-air battery (QSZAB) will release alkali during cycling, resulting in gradual dehydration of GPE, corrosion of Zn electrode, Zn dendrites growth, and therefore inferior performance. Here, hollow Sn microspheres are prepared on Zn substrate by the technique of colloidal self-assembly. The inner surfaces of hollow Sn microspheres are modified by 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (hollow Sn-inner HPβCD) to regulate the released alkali at GPE|anode interface. The hollow Sn-inner HPβCD can lessen the leakage of released alkali, make stored alkali diffuse back to GPE during the charging process, and mitigate the loss of soluble Zn(OH)4 2- to suppress Zn dendrites growth. Resultantly, GPE in QSZAB with hollow Sn-inner HPβCD exhibits a high retention capacity for alkaline solution. The cell also exhibits a long cyclic lifespan of 127 h due to the effective regulation of released alkali, which outperforms QSZAB without hollow Sn-inner HPβCD by 7.94 times. This work rivets the regulation of released alkali at GPE|anode interface, providing new insight to improve QSZABs' performance.

Regulation of Released Alkali from Gel Polymer Electrolyte in Quasi-Solid State Zn-Air Battery.

Biodegradable and renewable UV-shielding polylactide composites containing hierarchical structured POSS functionalized lignin.

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Interface engineering of graphene oxide containing phosphorus/nitrogen towards fire safety enhancement for thermoplastic polyurethane

Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks‐Derived Cobalt Single Atoms and Nanoparticles for Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysis

Regulation of Released Alkali from Gel Polymer Electrolyte in Quasi-Solid State Zn-Air Battery.

Biodegradable and renewable UV-shielding polylactide composites containing hierarchical structured POSS functionalized lignin.