Polyimide (PI, Kapton-H®) films are widely utilized in the spacecraft industry for their insulating properties, mechanical durability, light weight, and chemical resistance to radiation. Still PI materials remain exposed to a combination of high-energy electrons, protons, and ultraviolet (UV) photons, particles primarily responsible for radiation-induced damage in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO), which drastically change PI’s properties. This work reviews the effect of electron, proton, and UV photon irradiation on the material properties (morphology, absorption, mechanical properties, and charge transport) of PI. The different damaging mechanisms and chemical consequences that drive changes in the material properties of PI caused by each individual kind of irradiation will be discussed in detail.

Review of Radiation-Induced Effects in Polyimide

Shape memory polymers with high glass transition temperature (HSMPs) and HSMP-based deployable structures and devices, which can bear harsh operation conditions for durable applications, have attracted more and more interest in recent years. In this article, colorless and transparent shape memory polyimide (SMCTPI) films were subjected to simulated vacuum thermal cycling, atomic oxygen (AO) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation environments up to 600 h, 556 h and 600 h for accelerated irradiation. The glass transition temperature (Tg) determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) had no obvious changes after being irradiated by varying amounts of thermal cycling, AO and UV irradiation dose. After being irradiated by 50 thermal cycles, 10 × 1021 atoms cm–2 AO irradiation and 3000 ESH UV irradiation, shape recovery behaviors of SMCTPI films also had no obvious damage even if they experienced 30 shape memory cycles, while the surface morphologies and optical properties were seriously destroyed by AO irradiation, as compared with thermal cycling and UV irradiation. The tensile strength could separately maintain 122 MPa, 120 MPa and 70 MPa after 50 thermal cycles, 10 × 1021 atoms cm–2 AO irradiation and 3000 ESH UV irradiation, which shows great potential for use in aerospace structures and devices.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-665X/aa7bd7/pdf

Study on performances of colorless and transparent shape memory polyimide film in space thermal cycling, atomic oxygen and ultraviolet irradiation environments

A series of polyamic acid copolymers (co-PAAs) containing phosphorous groups in the side chains were synthesized from [2,5-bis(4-aminophenoxy) phenyl] diphenylphosphine oxide (DATPPO) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) with 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (s-BPDA) through the polycondensation in N,N′-dimethyacetamide (DMAc). The co-PAA solutions were spun into fibers by a dry-jet wet spinning process followed by thermal imidization to obtain co-polyimide (co-PI) fibers. FTIR spectra and elemental analysis confirmed the chemical structure of PI fibers. SEM results indicated that the resulting PI fibers had a smooth and dense surface, a uniform and circle-shape diameter. The thermogravimetric measurements showed that with the increase of DATPPO content, the resulting PI fibers possessed high decomposition temperature and residual char yield, indicating that the PI fibers had good thermal stability. The corresponding limiting oxygen index (LOI) values from the experiment results showed that the co-PI fibers possessed good flame-retardant property. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the co-PI fibers were investigated systematically. When the DATPPO content increased, the tensile strength and initial modulus of the co-PI fibers decreased. However, the mechanical properties were improved by increasing the draw ratio of the fibers. When the draw ratio was up to 2.5, the tensile strength and initial modulus of the co-PI fibers reached up to 0.64 and 10.02 GPa, respectively. The WAXD results showed that the order degree of amorphous matter increased with increased stretching. In addition, the SAXS results displayed that valuably drawing the fibers could eliminate the voids inside and lead to better mechanical property. WAXD revealed that the orientation of the amorphous polymer influenced the mechanical properties of the fibers.

Synthesis and properties of novel polyimide fibers containing phosphorus groups in the side chain (DATPPO)

Flexible photoelectronic material device and investigation method for space applications

The invention discloses a ground-based simulation test method for comprehensive space environment effect of exposure materials for low-earth orbit spacecrafts and relates to the field of space environment effect, aiming at solving the problem that an existing ground-based simulation test method of exposure materials for low-earth orbit spacecrafts fails to implement studies on the comprehensive space environment effect of the exposure materials comprehensively The ground-based simulation test method includes disposing samples to be tested in a sealed cavity, subjecting the samples to be tested to a dust simulation test prior to atomic oxygen environment and ultraviolet environment tests, vacuumizing the sealed cavity, conducting heat cycle tests, selecting energy of incident electrons and protons according to the thicknesses t of the samples to be tested, subjecting the samples to be tested to a charged particle radiation test, and subjecting the exposure materials for the low-earth orbit spacecrafts to performance testing The ground-based simulation test method is applicable to space environment effect researches and anti-irradiation strengthening technologies

Ground-based simulation test method for comprehensive space environment effect of exposure materials for low-earth orbit spacecrafts

The invention discloses a method for determining the total fluence of a space radiation environment effect test of a thermal control coating. According to the method, an equivalent formula when the beam current density of space continuous spectrum radiating particles is conversed into a radiating particle beam current density under certain energy is obtained according to the principle of equivalent degradation in an in-orbit and ground test on the solar absorptance of a thermal control coating, a radiation test of two groups of charged particles is carried out, curve fitting is carried out according to thermal control coating performance degradation data and radiating time data so as to determine parameters in an equivalent beam current density formula, so that the total fluence of the ground-based test can be determined. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that mono-energetic electrons or protons in ground-based test equipment are adopted to simulate the injuring effect of orbit space electrons or protons on thermal control materials, and the practical operability is strong.

Method for determining total fluence of space radiation environment effect test of thermal control coating

Fabricating spring-structure carbon nanotube-based hybrid fibers from impact of space debris

Studies on space electron radiation effect for evaluating property degradation of space materials are one of the important things for exposing the faults of the materials in orbit. Here the influence of electron flux and energy on the electron irradiation effect of polyethylene that is one of the common materials in spacecraft has been studied. Due to the analysis results of SEM and FTIR, it is proposed that the irradiation damage mechanism of the materials is independent of electron flux and electron energy. The molecular structural modifications and chemical changes of the materials have all occurred after each electron irradiation test. But the degree of damage on the mechanical properties of polyethylene during the electron irradiation test is dependent on electron energy. The mechanical properties of polyethylene will completely be lost after electron irradiation when the energy of electron is above 1 MeV, and the polyethylene will be broken down.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/267/4/042169/pdf

Electron irradiation effects on the mechanical properties of polyethylene

Polyimide films are widely used in spacecraft, but their mechanical properties would degrade in space environments, such as electron, proton, near ultraviolet or far ultraviolet, etc. The mechanical property and mechanism of polyimide film in electron, proton, near ultraviolet and far ultraviolet was studied by Φ800 combined space radiation test facility of Beijing Institute of Space Environment Engineering (BISSE. Rupture elongation of Kapton film decrease with the increase of the tensile deformation rate. The tensile strength and the rupture elongation of Kapton film decrease with the increase of electron and proton radiation, while tensile strength and the rupture elongation of Kapton film decrease firstly and then increase with near ultraviolet and far ultraviolet.

Study on the mechanical property of polyimide film in space radiation environments

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Method for determining total fluence of space radiation environment effect test of thermal control coating

Fabricating spring-structure carbon nanotube-based hybrid fibers from impact of space debris

Electron irradiation effects on the mechanical properties of polyethylene

Study on the mechanical property of polyimide film in space radiation environments