Straw return is a widely recognized strategy for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and improving soil quality and crop productivity. A 4-year-long field experiment established in 2008 was conducted to investigate the effects of the combined return of maize and wheat straw on the SOC stock at a soil depth of 0–20 cm in an intensive summer maize (Zea mays L.)–winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system in the Guanzhong Plain. The study involved four treatments with four replicates: low return of maize and wheat straw (ML–WL), low return of maize straw and high return of wheat straw (ML–WH), high return of maize straw and low return of wheat straw (MH–WL), and high return of maize and wheat straw (MH–WH). Compared with the SOC stock in the pre-experimental soil, the SOC stock in the 0–20 cm soil layer decreased by 2.6% under the ML–WL treatment, and in contrast, increased by 1.9% in ML–WH and 14.4% in MH–WH. Similarly, the stabilization rate gradually increased from 2.4% in ML–WH to 10.0% in MH–WH, though an obvious decrease of 6.8% was found in the ML–WL treatment. A significant linear relationship (P < 0.05) was found between SOC sequestration and the cumulative plant-derived C input to the soil. A minimum C input of 4.07 Mg ha−1 year−1 was required to maintain the initial level of SOC. However, a significant relationship (P < 0.05) also existed between the cumulative plant-derived C input and non-sequestered C. Moreover, the ranking of the treatments with respect to yield and the sustainable yield index (SYI) of maize and wheat was ML–WL < ML–WH < MH–WL < MH–WH. The average SYI of maize and wheat reached a maximum value of 0.651 when the plant-derived C input was 10.51 Mg ha−1 year−1, which was higher than the maximum value (SYI of 0.64, plant-derived C input of 9.76 Mg ha−1 year−1) found in the MH–WH treatment. Although the high return of maize and wheat straw was the best treatment in this research, more suitable practices, such wheat straw return including longer stubble or maize straw return in combination with sub-soiling, might increase yield and soil C sequestration, ultimately achieving sustained agricultural development in this cropping system.

Effect of straw management on carbon sequestration and grain production in a maize–wheat cropping system in Anthrosol of the Guanzhong Plain

A global perspective on agroecosystem nitrogen cycles after returning crop residue

Straw return accompany with low nitrogen moderately promoted deep root

Effect of high soil C/N ratio and nitrogen limitation caused by the long-term combined organic-inorganic fertilization on the soil microbial community structure and its dominated SOC decomposition

Straw return and appropriate tillage method improve grain yield and nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat

The soil degradation caused by conventional tillage in rain-fed areas of northwest China is known to reduce crop yields because of major losses of soil organic carbon and nutrients. To evaluate the effects of straw incorporation on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (STN) sequestration capacity in loessial soil, we investigated the effects of straw incorporation on SOC, STN and crop yield in semiarid areas of southern Ningxia for a 4-year period (2007–2010). Four treatments were tested: (i) no straw incorporation (NA); (ii) incorporation of maize straw at a low rate of 4.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (LA); (iii) incorporation of maize straw at a medium rate of 9.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (MA); and (iv) incorporation of maize straw at a high rate of 13.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (HA). In the final year (2010), the results showed that the mean soil bulk density in the 0–60 cm depth had decreased with high, middle, and low straw incorporation rate treatment compared with no straw incorporation treatment (NA) by 3.7% (P   low straw incorporation rate treatment > no straw incorporation treatment. The mean soil C:N ratio was significantly higher with straw incorporation, i.e., 6.9% higher than no straw incorporation treatment. Straw incorporation significantly (P

Effects of straw incorporation on the stratification of the soil organic C, total N and C:N ratio in a semiarid region of China

The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting planting system (RFRHP) where runoff is collected by plastic mulched ridges can improve the crop productivity in the semiarid areas of northwest China. During 2012–2014, we performed a field evaluation of the influence of RFRHP with supplementary irrigation (RI) on the water irrigation use and water use efficiency by maize in a semiarid climate using the following treatments: (1) no supplementary irrigation (RN); (2) irrigation during the trumpeting stage (RB); (3) irrigation during the blooming stage (RF); (4) irrigation during the trumpeting and blooming stages (RBF); and (4) traditional flat planting with border irrigation (CK). We found that although the irrigation volume was double under CK, the soil water content in the 0–120 cm soil layer did not differ significantly between the RFRHP with supplementary irrigation treatments and CK. The RFRHP with supplementary irrigation treatments reduced the irrigation water volume required (750–1125 m3 hm−2) and alleviated drought stress during key maize growth periods. The biomass, grain yield, and water use efficiency were significantly higher under RFRHP with supplementary irrigation, i.e., 6.0–8.7%, 15.4–25.8%, and 34.9–39.2% higher compared with CK, respectively, and 3.8–6.4%, 4.8–14.2%, and 9.2–12.7% higher compared with RFRHP with no supplementary irrigation. Under RFRHP with supplementary irrigation treatments, the irrigation water use efficiency was 1.5–3.9 times higher than that under CK. The irrigation water productivity levels under the RFRHP with supplementary irrigation treatments were ranked as follows: trumpeting stage > trumpeting and blooming stages > blooming stage. Compared with CK, RFRHP with supplementary irrigation significantly increased the out/input ratio and net income by 13.1–26.9% and 2600–3762 Chinese Yuan hm−2, respectively.

Effects of deficit irrigation combined with rainwater harvesting planting system on the water use efficiency and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in a semiarid area

Identification and functional characterization of AcMYB113 in anthocyanin metabolism of Aesculus chinensis Bunge var. chinensis leaves.

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Effects of straw incorporation on the stratification of the soil organic C, total N and C:N ratio in a semiarid region of China

Effects of deficit irrigation combined with rainwater harvesting planting system on the water use efficiency and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in a semiarid area

Identification and functional characterization of AcMYB113 in anthocyanin metabolism of Aesculus chinensis Bunge var. chinensis leaves.