Water level fluctuations and the ecosystem functioning of lakes

Observations of two reservoirs during a drought in central Texas, USA: Strategies for detecting harmful algal blooms

Effects of lake water level fluctuation due to drought and extreme winter precipitation on mixing and water quality of an alpine lake, Case Study: Lake Arrowhead, California

“Phytoplankton” is a loosely defined functional term, indicating a group of organisms distributed into several taxonomic groups ranging from oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria to a number of eukaryotic classes included in protists. The range of specializations and adaptations of phytoplankton to a wide variety of environmental conditions is astounding. This demonstrates the susceptibility of highly different populations to react rapidly to environmental changes generated by natural stressors and anthropogenic impacts. The aim of this work is to critically review the state of the art of knowledge about the impact of anthropogenic stress factors on phytoplankton composition and structure. At present, the two most important environmental stressors are represented by climate change and eutrophication, which act globally and at regional/local scales, respectively. Along with effects mediated by many other legacy and emerging stressors (briefly reviewed), the effects of these two main changes have been analysed at different levels of phytoplankton organization, i.e. individuals, populations and communities. It is stressed that a better knowledge will be obtained by extending the focus of studies from organisms detectable by light microscopy to the whole range of protists and microbial populations detected with the use of “omics” technologies, including e.g. next generation sequencing and ecological metabolomics.

Phytoplankton and anthropogenic changes in pelagic environments

Do the key factors determining phytoplankton growth change with water level in China’s largest freshwater lake?

Lake water level fluctuations (WLF) are an important factor driving the selection and seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and potentially toxigenic cyanobacteria. Nevertheless, the relative importance of environmental drivers connected to WLF may be completely different, depending on the typology and use of waterbodies, latitude and climatic regimes. In this study, we investigated the impact of WLF in a large subtropical reservoir in south-eastern China (Hongfeng Reservoir, Guizhou Province). The study was based on monthly samplings carried out in 2014 in six stations. The strong increase in the water level observed in early summer caused a radical shift in the phytoplankton community. While in the pre-flooding period phytoplankton was composed of large diatoms, chrysophytes and Oscillatoriales (mostly Limnothrix sp.), the post-flooding period showed an increase in smaller and more competitive chlorophytes, smaller diatoms and cryptophytes better adapted to a fast colonisation of new and nutrient-rich environments. The environmental drivers that drove the change were dilution, flushing and interference with the seasonal water stratification processes. We concluded that, because WLF represents a complex variable integrating different physical effects in one explanatory descriptor, its value as a predictor of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria dynamics in lake ecosystems is difficult to generalise and needs to be investigated on a case-by-case basis. For this reason, considering the year-to-year hydrological variability that potentially characterise reservoirs, definite indications for management should be outlined considering more than 1-year study.

Impact of water level fluctuations on the development of phytoplankton in a large subtropical reservoir: implications for the management of cyanobacteria.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are key elements in controlling eutrophication in the aquatic system. Water and sediment samples were collected from Hongfeng Lake, a seasonally stratified reservoir in southwest China, in winter and summer. Diffusion fluxes of NH4+, NO3−, and labile P in summer using diffusive gradients in thin films technology were 3.4, −37.2, and 0.9 mg m−2 day−1, respectively, based on Fick’s first law. The diffusion flux of labile P was 2.05 mg m−2 day−1 in winter. The contributions fraction of the labile P diffusion flux from sediment to the overlying water were higher in winter than those in summer, because of the relatively lower external input, concentrations and higher diffusion fluxes in winter. After the external input decreased, all of the three diffusion fluxes were lower than the previous record. To understand the influence effect of hydrodynamics, environmental fluid dynamics code modeling was used to simulate the flow and temperature field in winter and summer. Modeling results showed that velocity in summer was higher than that in winter due to concentrated rainfall within the catchment. Moreover, the velocity and temperature in the euphotic zone were higher than that of the hypolimnion in summer. Less variation of velocity and temperature in vertical profile in winter than that in summer was observed, which may be attributable to the high specific heat capacity and the low heat conductivity of water. There was no significant correlation among velocity, hydrochemistry, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations. Hydrodynamics, solar radiation, and water depth affect the position of the thermocline, which was consequently to water temperature, hydrochemistry, dissolved nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration. Correlation analysis suggested that the higher bottom velocity and total bed shear may accelerate labile P, NH4+, and NO3− diffusion fluxes. These results provide evidence and suggestions for preventing and controlling reservoir eutrophication and water safety management.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling

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Impact of water level fluctuations on the development of phytoplankton in a large subtropical reservoir: implications for the management of cyanobacteria.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling