This article reviews the hypothesis that mind wandering can be integrated into executive models of attention. Evidence suggests that mind wandering shares many similarities with traditional notions of executive control. When mind wandering occurs, the executive components of attention appear to shift away from the primary task, leading to failures in task performance and superficial representations of the external environment. One challenge for incorporating mind wandering into standard executive models is that it often occurs in the absence of explicit intention--a hallmark of controlled processing. However, mind wandering, like other goal-related processes, can be engaged without explicit awareness; thus, mind wandering can be seen as a goal-driven process, albeit one that is not directed toward the primary task.

The restless mind

Online crowdsourcing markets (OCM) are becoming more popular as a source for data collection. In this paper, we examine the consistency of survey results across student samples, consumer panels, and online crowdsourcing markets (specifically Amazon's Mechanical Turk) both within the United States and outside. We conduct two studies examining the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the expectation-disconfirmation theory (EDT) to explore potential differences in demographics, psychometrics, structural model estimates, and measurement invariances. Our findings indicate that (1) U.S.-based OCM samples provide demographics much more similar to our student and consumer panel samples than the non-U.S.-based OCM samples; (2) both U.S. and non-U.S. OCM samples provide initial psychometric properties (reliability, convergent, and divergent validity) that are similar to those of both student and consumer panels; (3) non-U.S. OCM samples generally provide differences in scale means compared to those of our students, consumer panels, and U.S. OCM samples; and (4) one of the non-U.S. OCM samples refuted the highly replicated and validated TAM model in the relationship of perceived usefulness to behavioral intentions. Although our post hoc analyses isolated some cultural and demographic effects with regard to the non-U.S. samples in Study 1, they did not address the model differences found in Study 2. Specifically, the inclusion of non-U.S. OCM respondents led to statistically significant differences in parameter estimates, and hence to different statistical conclusions. Due to these unexplained differences that exist within the non-U.S. OCM samples, we caution that the inclusion of non-U.S. OCM participants may lead to different conclusions than studies with only U.S. OCM participants. We are unable to conclude whether this is due to of cultural differences, differences in the demographic profiles of non-U.S. OCM participants, or some unexplored factors within the models. Therefore, until further research is conducted to explore these differences in detail, we urge researchers utilizing OCMs with the intention to generalize to U.S. populations focus on U.S.-based participants and exercise caution in using non-U.S. participants. We further recommend that researchers should clearly describe their OCM usage and design (e.g., demographics, participant filters, etc.) procedures. Overall, we find that U.S. OCM samples produced models that lead to similar statistical conclusions as both U.S. students and U.S. consumer panels at a considerably reduced cost.

http://ftp.misq.org/skin/frontend/default/misq/pdf/appendices/2014/V38I2Appendices/SteelmanHammer_12020Appendices.pdf

Data collection in the digital age: innovative alternatives to student samples

Data Collection in the Digital Age: Innovative Alterantives to Student Samples

Emerging evidence suggests that executive function plays an important role in adult readers’ understanding of text. This study examined the contribution of executive function to comprehension of expository science text among adult readers, as well as the role of vocabulary ability in the relation between executive function and text comprehension. The roles of additional reader characteristics, including age, reading time, prior knowledge, and vocabulary ability, in comprehension were also examined. Using structural equation modeling, a latent executive function factor significantly predicted comprehension after accounting for age, reading time, prior knowledge, and vocabulary ability. Vocabulary ability mediated the relation between executive function and both lower-level and higher-level reading comprehension. Executive function contributed more strongly to lower-level compared with higher-level comprehension of the text. Implications for future research are discussed.

A latent variable analysis of the contribution of executive function to adult readers’ comprehension of science text: the roles of vocabulary ability and level of comprehension

Mind wandering is an important brain activity that fosters creativity and productivity. Research suggests that individuals spend up to 50% of their waking time thinking about things that are unrelated to the present situation or task. Previous literature has acknowledged the importance of mind wandering in technology-related contexts by investigating its mediating role between task and individual performance. In this study, we go one step further and investigate the direct relationship between technology use and mind wandering. In particular, we investigate if different types of technology use (hedonic use vs. utilitarian use) have an impact on mind wandering. Results from a factorial survey study (n=90) suggest that there is a significant difference between hedonic use and utilitarian use when it comes to mind wandering. Based on these insights, we discuss the role of mind wandering for IS research and potentials for future research.

/pdf/where-are-your-thoughts-on-the-relationship-between-4pc52di6tc.pdf

Where Are Your Thoughts? On the Relationship between Technology Use and Mind Wandering

The main goal of this current study is to contribute to the cognitive Information Systems (IS) literature by examining the effect of individuals’ focus ability and mind-wandering in influencing IS task performance at different levels of task complexity. The effects of focus ability and mind-wandering on IS task performance as well as the moderating roles of IS task complexity were examined in a laboratory experiment. The experimental results show that (1) higher task complexity leads to lower IS task performance; (2) under low task complexity, focus ability and mind-wandering do not have any significant effects on task performance; (3) under medium task complexity, focus ability leads to higher performance accuracy, but mind-wandering does not have a significant effect on performance accuracy; (4) under high task complexity, both focus ability and mind-wandering lead to higher performance accuracy. Furthermore, mind-wandering negatively influences performance efficiency under all levels of IS task complexity.

Can You Increase Your Performance in a Technology-Driven Society Full of Distractions?

In this research, we examined the influence of information processing abilities (i.e., executive functions) on users’ perceptions about technologies. Borrowing the literature from psychology discipline, we explained how individual’s working memory capacity (WMC), focus, and flexibility skills influence cognitive absorption, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness in the context of technologies multitasking. We also integrated a micro-level measure (n-Back task to measure WMC) and macro-level measures (self-report questionnaire) in this present study. The results revealed that individual’s information processing mechanism influences the degree of his or her cognitive absorption when he or she engages in more than one task or technology simultaneously or sequentially. An individual is likely to experience high degree of cognitive absorption if he or she is able to balance the focus and flexibility. Furthermore, we found that WMC is positively associated with perceived ease of use. Together, perceived ease of use and cognitive absorption influence perceived usefulness.

The Relations among Executive Functions and Users' Perceptions toward Using Technologies to Multitask

Can You Increase Your Performance in a Technology-Driven Society Full of Distractions? Research-in-Progress

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Can You Increase Your Performance in a Technology-Driven Society Full of Distractions?

The Relations among Executive Functions and Users' Perceptions toward Using Technologies to Multitask

Can You Increase Your Performance in a Technology-Driven Society Full of Distractions? Research-in-Progress