Decreasing ten-year (2008-2018) trends of the prevalence of childhood asthma and air pollution in Southern Taiwan.

(1) Background: Few studies have evaluated the association between the ionic components of PM2.5 and respiratory symptoms or peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). The aim of this study was to clarify these associations. (2) Methods: Patients with allergic diseases treated at Fukuoka Hospital recorded their morning and evening PEFR and respiratory symptoms in a diary. We measured PM2.5 and its ionic components in Fukuoka City and examined the relationship with PEFR and respiratory symptoms by univariate and multivariate analysis. (3) Results: Among the ionic components of PM2.5, Cl-, NO3-, Na+, K+, and Mg2+ were significantly correlated with the frequency of coughing and nasal symptoms. In univariate analysis, the concentrations of each of the above ions was significantly associated with a decrease in PEFR and the concentrations of each was associated with at least one respiratory symptom or PEFR. Multivariate analysis of items significantly correlated with PEFR indicated that the concentration of ionic components may predict changes in PEFR. (4) Conclusions: In patients with allergic diseases, some ionic components of PM2.5 may increase the frequency of respiratory symptoms and decrease PEFR, so further study and caution are required in daily clinical practice.

/pdf/the-ionic-component-of-pm2-5-may-be-associated-with-3qayi6yy.pdf

The Ionic Component of PM2.5 May Be Associated with Respiratory Symptoms and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

Mask wearing can protect health care workers. However, its efficacy in avoiding the health effects of air pollution is not well studied. Recently, we evaluated the relationship between air pollution and health status or peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). At the beginning of that study, about 20% of people were wearing masks. However, in the same period one year later, most people were wearing masks because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, in this study, we examined the relationship between mask wearing, concentration of ionic components of PM2.5, respiratory symptoms, and PEFR. Seventy-two patients in Fukuoka City with asthma and allergic diseases measured PEFR daily and recorded respiratory symptoms and mask wearing in a diary. We measured the ionic components of PM2.5 in Fukuoka City and examined the relationships between patient measurements, mask wearing, and air pollution. Univariate analysis showed that, in 2020, but not in 2021, some ionic components of PM2.5, i.e., Cl−, NO3−, Na+, and Mg2+, were significantly correlated with the frequency of cough and nasal symptoms and a decrease in PEFR. Some ionic components of PM2.5 may increase the frequency of respiratory symptoms and decrease PEFR in patients with allergic diseases; however, this tendency is not seen when masks are used. The use of masks may be one of the factors that attenuate the effects of PM2.5 ionic components.

/pdf/efficacy-of-mask-wearing-in-preventing-the-deleterious-mcfhq348.pdf

Efficacy of Mask Wearing in Preventing the Deleterious Health Effects of the Ionic Components of PM2.5-Possibility Seen in Allergic Patients

(1)Background：To date, no studies have epidemiologically examined whether the concentration of particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and its ionic components is related to the prevalence of skin symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify this association in patients with allergic diseases. (2)Methods: From February 1 to May 31, 2020, we evaluated the daily prevalence of skin symptoms in outpatients with allergic diseases being treated at Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan, and measured the concentration of PM2.5 and its ionic components. （3）Results: Univariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between skin symptoms and the concentration of PM2.5 and the ionic components SO42-, NH4+, K+, and Mg2+, and multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between the daily prevalence of skin symptoms and the concentration of the ionic components SO42- or Mg2+. (4)Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the concentration of some PM2.5 ionic components may affect skin symptoms in patients with allergic diseases. 

Ionic Components of Particulate Matter 2.5 May Affect Daily Prevalence of Skin Symptoms in Patients With Allergies

BACKGROUND
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with different outcomes. For children with asthma at the age of 7 years, 67-75% are symptom-free as adults. Data on the important link between childhood and adult asthma are sparse.


OBJECTIVE
We aimed to investigate factors associated with persistence of childhood asthma over three years of follow-up by linking data between Korea childhood Asthma Study (KAS) and their matched claims data from Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA).


METHODS
We analyzed data from 450 preadolescent children aged 7 to 10 years and classified them into remission or persistence groups. Baseline clinical characteristics and exposure to air pollution materials including PM2.5 and PM10 during three years of follow-up were compared. The main outcome was asthma persistence which was defined as the presence of asthma episodes with healthcare utilization and prescription of asthma medications within three years after KAS enrollment.


RESULTS
At the third year of follow-up, after stepwise regression analysis, lower age at enrollment (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-0.96), male sex (aOR: 1.66; 95%CI: 1.05-2.63), proximity from an air-polluting facility (aOR: 2.4; 95%CI: 1.34-4.29), higher level outdoor PM2.5 (aOR: 1.1; 95%CI: 1.02-1.20), and higher rate of doctor-diagnosed food allergy (FA) (aOR: 2.33; 95%CI: 1.06-5.12) were significantly associated with persistence.


CONCLUSION
We discovered various independent risk factors for the persistence of childhood asthma. By linking HIRA claims data, we could clarify risk factors for persistence in a well-defined study population.

Atmospheric environment and persistence of pediatric asthma: A population-based cohort study.

The relationship between the annual changes of the prevalence of bronchial asthma (BA) and that of concentrations of air pollutants has not been reported. We studied the annual prevalence of BA, remission of BA, and wheeze in children at the same five elementary schools in Fukuoka city, Japan, in October to November from 1988 to 2016 by the same methods using the same questionnaire. Annual changes in the prevalence of asthma among boys were related to changes in the air concentrations of NO (r=0.708), NO2 (r=0.665) suspended particulate matter (SPM) (r=0.803), and smoking rate (r=0.741), but there were no such relationships among girls. Annual changes in the prevalence of wheeze were related to changes of NO, NO2, SPM, and smoking rate among boys and girls (NO: r=0.650, 0.660; NO2: r=0.556, 0.490; SPM: r=0.582, 0.518; smoking rate: r=0.656, 0.593, respectively) (all of the above are significant with p Annual changes in the prevalence of boys9 BA and boys9 and girls9 wheeze among first-grade children (age 6 or 7 years) in Fukuoka were correlated with changes in the concentration of air pollutants (SPM, NO, NO2 or smoking rate). Recent decrease of asthma prevalence in this area might be related to the decreasing tendency of air pollutant concentration. The causal relationship between the two will need to be verified in the future

https://openres.ersjournals.com/content/erjor/6/2/00166-2020.full.pdf

Annual changes in the prevalence of asthma may be related to air pollution in Fukuoka: 29 years of observation

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Annual changes in the prevalence of asthma may be related to air pollution in Fukuoka: 29 years of observation