Inflammation is a natural response of living organisms to the presence of internal and external substances which are recognized by the host as being "non-self" or "foreign invader". It is also a cascade leading to the healing of damaged tissue. Uncontrolled inflammation often results in chronic diseases such as arthritis, autoimmune disorder, cancer, dementia, diabetic, neurodegeneration and vascular disease. The list keeps growing due to the increasing numbers of identified molecular markers that are associated with inflammatory genes or transcription factors. Among various transcription factors, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is the master switch for proinflammatory genes and transactivates arachidonic acid pathway enzymes when activated. Through evolution, plants have developed vast classes of compounds to fight inflammation. Most of them belong to the chemical group of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids. This review article presents and discusses results obtained from literature search on recent findings in plant-derived compounds, which exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis, allergy and asthma via the suppression of the arachidonic acid pathway. IC(50)s of the compounds obtained from the literature are thus tabulated into six groups of inhibitors based on the enzyme target of phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, 5-, 12- and 15-lipoxygenase. Modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokines and histamine/mucus release by some of these enzyme inhibitors are also briefly discussed.

Natural products triggering biological targets--a review of the anti-inflammatory phytochemicals targeting the arachidonic acid pathway in allergy asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (amur cork tree, Fig. 1) is a northern species belonging to the family Rutaceae and is found in Japan, Korea, northern China, Manchuria, Ussuri and Amur. It is a dioecious tree with rather thick branches reaching more than 20 m high in the mountains, whose flowers bloom greenish in May-July. The fruit is nearly globose, is about 1 cm across and turns black when ripe. Another three species are found in Japan: P. amurense Rupr. var. sachalinense F. Schmidt.,P. amurense Rupr. var. japonicum (Maxim.) Ohwi, P. amurense var. lavallei (Dode) Sprague, and also P. chinensis Schneid. in China (Ohwi 1984). Cortex Phellodendri is the dry stem bark of P. amurense Rupr. or P. chinensis Schneid., and is officially listed in the Japanese and Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Tang and Eisenbrand 1992). It is used as a crude drug in Japan, China and Korea: The bark and fruit have been used as a remedy for fever and the fruit has also been used as an expectorant. A decoction or powder is used for stomach relief and an anodyne, and “daraniske” made from the extract is a famous Japanese medicine. It is a remedy for kidney trouble, stomach, and bladder problems. It is also a strong antibiotic to treat bacillary dysentery, typhus and typhoid. The bark of another species P. chinensis is a better grade than that of the northern species. P. wilsonii Hay. and Kaneh. is used as an endemic; a decoction of the inner bark and root is taken for stomach relief and a remedy for kidney trouble.

Indolopyridoquinazoline, Furoquinoline, Canthinone and Protoberberine-Type Alkaloids from Phellodendron amurense Callus Tissues

Berberine Contents in Phellodendron Leaves.

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Berberine Contents in Phellodendron Leaves.