Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene) possesses immense potential for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. However, its absorbing performance is considerably restricted by spontaneous aggregation and a natural absence of magnetic loss. To address these challenges, a controllable electrostatic assembly strategy was introduced to construct hierarchical magnetic Co7Fe3@C/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposite. The hierarchical structure effectively isolated each electromagnetic element, ensuring effective synergy between the Co7Fe3@C particles and MXene nanosheets. Notably, the Co7Fe3@C/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposite exhibited a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of −64.9 dB at 1.9 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.6 GHz at 2.5 mm. The remarkable microwave absorption (MA) performance could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the 3D conductive network, a well-constructed micro-capacitor structure, and the highly dispersed hollow Co7Fe3@C, which improved impedance matching characteristics and enhanced EMW attenuation ability. The Radar cross section (RCS) simulation also confirmed the enormous practical application potential of the Co7Fe3@C/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposite. This study offers valuable insights for designing high-efficient MXene-based EMW absorbers with hierarchical structure. 

Electrostatically self-assembled hierarchical magnetic Co7Fe3@C/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposite for high-efficient microwave absorption

Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials (EWAMs) have made great progress in the past decades, and are playing an increasingly important role in radiation prevention and antiradar detection due to their essential attenuation toward incident EM wave. With the flourish of nanotechnology, the design of high-performance EWAMs is not just dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of single-component medium, but pays more attention to the synergistic effects from different components to generate rich loss mechanisms. Among various candidates, carbides and carbon materials are usually labeled with the features of chemical stability, low density, tunable dielectric property, and diversified morphology/microstructure, and thus the combination of carbides and carbon materials will be a promising way to acquire new EWAMs with good practical application prospects. In this review, we introduce EM loss mechanisms related to dielectric composites, and then highlight the state-of-the-art progress in carbides/carbon composites as high-performance EWAMs, including silicon carbide/carbon, MXene/carbon, molybdenum carbide/carbon, as well as some uncommon carbides/carbon composites and multicomponent composites. The critical information regarding composition optimization, structural engineering, performance reinforcement, and structure-function relationship are discussed in detail. In addition, some challenges and perspectives for the development of carbides/carbon composites are also proposed after comparing the performance of some representative composites. 

State-of-the-Art in Carbides/Carbon Composites for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Highly performant electromagnetic absorption (EMA) materials in specific working bands are imperative to mitigate the increasingly severe electromagnetic wave (EMW) pollution caused by advanced electronic equipment. Metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives and their composites are considered as ideal candidates for regulating the EMA bands due to their unique structural tunability, dimensional diversity, as well as synthetic controllability. Although still in the exploration stage for MOF-based EMA materials and in the trial-and-error period for improving the corresponding properties, the inherent advantages of MOFs make them possess high application prospects in EMA field. Herein, we review the relevant theories and evaluation methods of EMA performance, classify the research reports of MOF-based materials in the field of EMW absorption at S, C, X and Ku bands according to EM parameters, and further summarize the internal relationship among matching frequency (fm), matching thickness (dm), dielectric real part (ε′) and dielectric virtual part (ε″) and proposed a general principle for specific frequency bands. This review would provide theoretical guidance for designing and preparing MOF-based high-efficiency EMA materials from the perspective of specific wavebands, and give full play to the application values of MOF-based materials in the field of EMW absorption. 

Specific-band electromagnetic absorbers derived from metal-organic frameworks

Electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) materials with qualities such as low cost, thin thickness, and high efficiency are of tremendous value in addressing the challenges posed by EMW pollution. Herein, we have successfully synthesized a nanoflower-like composite from the Prussian blue analog KCoFe(CN)6 through a combination of hydrothermal and post-annealing methods. Subsequently, we prepared the hierarchical composite CoFe-K/GC@MnO2@MXene (CMM) by electrostatic self-assembly with few-layered Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. Their chemical compositions, microstructures, and EMWA performances were thoroughly investigated. The CMM composite demonstrated outstanding EMWA performance with an impressive minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of −53.0 dB at 1.68 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) value of 4.0 GHz with an ultrathin-matching thickness of only 1.55 mm. The exceptional EMWA performance of CMM can be attributed to the increased conductive loss, enhanced interfacial polarization, and optimized impedance matching. Simulated radar cross-section (RCS) plots confirm the outstanding RSC reduction achieved by the CMM absorber coating. Furthermore, the EAB can be extended to 12.12 GHz by designing a macro 3D quadrangular frustum pyramid structural model for the absorber. The practical application potential of CMM was also enhanced by its good heat dissipation capability, which was demonstrated in real-time using an infrared thermal imager. This work provides a novel insight into developing efficient and multifunctional EMWA materials for practical applications. 

Hierarchical composite CoFe-K/GC@MnO2@MXene for excellent electromagnetic wave absorption

Titanium boride fibers prepared by chloride-assisted carbothermic method for high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption

Electromagnetic waves at the X band (8.2-12.4 GHz) play significant roles in military applications such as radar, satellite, and wireless communication. However, within this band range, the developed performance of electromagnetic absorption (EMA) is still unsatisfied, and it is hard to settle the corresponding problems on radar stealth and electromagnetic pollution. Herein, we demonstrate a state-of-the-art EMA property of -82.6 dB at 8.24 GHz with 2.57 mm thickness and 30 wt % paraffin filling ratio. For this purpose, an optimal Co@NCS/Ti3C2Tx composite is prepared by an electrostatic self-assembly approach through compelling Co-loading of nitrogen-doped carbon sheets (Co@NCS) derived from the pyrolysis of ZIF-67 (CoZn) with 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets. Experimental results show that the highly efficient EMA performance of this Co@NCS/Ti3C2Tx composite originates from the large surface area for multiple reflection and electromagnetic wave scattering, from abundant defects sites for dipole and interfacial polarization, and from the optimizing impedance matching by the combination of Co magnetic nanoparticles and conductive NCS/Ti3C2Tx composite. These results confirm that the as-fabricated composites possess scientific and practical values for EMA applications at the X band, paving the way for developing highly performant electromagnetic absorbers toward specific microwave bands.

Highly Performant Electromagnetic Absorption at the X Band Based on Co@NCS/Ti3C2Tx Composites.

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Highly Performant Electromagnetic Absorption at the X Band Based on Co@NCS/Ti3C2Tx Composites.