In this paper, the gender-related wage differentials in the rural and urban sectors of the Indian economy are analysed. The hypotheses that there is a glass-ceiling effect—a greater wage gap at the top end of the wage-distribution range—and a sticky-floor effect—a wider wage gap at the bottom are examined. Findings show evidence of the glass-ceiling effect in the rural sector and evidence of the sticky-floor effect in the urban sector. Using a counterfactual decomposition method, the raw wage gap is decomposed to identify the contributions of characteristics and coefficients. The results reveal the presence of labour–market discrimination against women. Furthermore, women at the lower end of the wage-distribution spectrum face more discrimination than those at the higher end of the range.

Are There Glass-Ceiling and Sticky-Floor Effects in India? An Empirical Examination

We verify the glass ceiling effect through separate quantile regression and the wage difference decomposition methods. We also study the gender wage gap after dividing the labor market into core and peripheral sectors considering structural labor market characteristics, such as firm size, employment type, and education level. According to empirical analysis, we find that the glass ceiling effect for irregular female workers with lower levels of education working in small and medium-sized companies is much stronger compared with those in other sectors under the multi-layered Korean labor market structure. This result implies that the glass ceiling effect is weak in the core sector, while in a peripheral sector, invisible gender discrimination increases as the wage quantile moves from lower to higher levels. Based upon these empirical results, we discuss a policy direction that deals simultaneously with the dual structure of the labor market and gender discrimination.

Glass ceiling in a stratified labor market: Evidence from Korea

In Malaysia, the participation of women in the labor market has increased over time. However, occupational segregation and wage differentials continue to be prevalent between men and women in the labor market. The present paper investigates genderâ€ related occupational segregation and wage differentials based on data collected from 7135 working households in Peninsular Malaysia in 2011. The wage decomposition model introduced by Brown et al. (1980) is used to examine the determinants of genderâ€ related wage differentials. The results suggest that differences within occupations account for the largest portion of the wage gap between men and women. The results also indicate that wage discrimination within occupations plays an important role in the gender wage gap, while sample selection bias plays an important role in the examination of gender wage gaps.

Occupational Segregation and Gender Wage Differentials: Evidence from Malaysia

Market-oriented economic reform has gone through several key stages to bring substantial changes to the current Chinese economy. It accelerated after 1992, and ushered in the pattern transformation since ‘scientific development outlook’ raised in 2002. During this dramatic and complicated economic transitional process, issues regarding income distribution caught people's attention including: How does the earnings distribution change between genders from an early market economy to a post market economy? How do education, work experience, marriage and other factors affect gender earnings and what is the difference among an internal group of women? In this paper, we use data from the Chinese Household Income Projects (2002 and 2007) to analyse the earnings disparity between genders and a female inner group. The unconditional quantile regression finds that the negative effects on earnings of marriage and taking care of children has significantly decreased since 2002, especially for women. But the high return ...

Gender Earnings Disparity and Discrimination in Urban China: Unconditional Quantile Regression

Increases in minimum wages have been associated with reductions in suicide rates in the United States, but little evidence is available for Asia where social and contextual factors, as well as drivers of suicide, may be different. We investigated the impact of the introduction of the minimum wage in Hong Kong in May 2011 on suicide rates using an interrupted time series design for the period January 2006 to December 2016. We investigated both immediate and gradual changes in monthly suicide rates after the introduction of the minimum wage taking into account secular trends. We conducted stratified analyses by age and gender. In total 9396 suicides were recorded in Hong Kong during the 11-year study period. Introduction of the minimum wage was associated with an immediate decrease of 13.0% in the monthly suicide rate (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.4%-19.9%, P = 0.001). There was an immediate decrease of 15.8% in older working aged (25-64 years) men (95% CI: 4.2%-25.9%, P = 0.009). Point estimates of immediate effect for other subgroups were also in a negative direction, but were not statistically significant. There was no evidence of a gradual effect on suicide rates at the population level or by subgroup other than a small increase in younger working aged men. We estimate that 633 suicides were prevented by the minimum wage legislation for the period from May 2011 to December 2016, the majority in older working aged men. Our results provide new evidence that, similar to findings in Western settings, minimum wages may help to reduce suicide in Asia, particularly for working age men. Our study highlights the importance of examining the health impacts of government economic policy and suggests minimum wages may provide policy makers with an upstream population-based strategy to reduce suicide rates. 

The impact of the minimum wage on suicide rates in Hong Kong.

Gender earnings gaps in Hong Kong: Empirical evidence from across the earnings distribution in 2006

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Gender earnings gaps in Hong Kong: Empirical evidence from across the earnings distribution in 2006