Despite the wide application of lithium‐ion batteries in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, the demand for new battery systems with the merits of high voltage, environmental friendliness, safety, and cost efficiency is still quite urgent. This perspective focuses on dual‐ion batteries (DIBs), in which, both the cations and anions are involved in the battery reaction. An anion's intercalation/deintercalation process on the cathode side allows the DIBs to operate at high voltages, which is favorable for enhanced energy density. However, electrolytes with a wide electrochemical window and suitable anion‐intercalation materials with highly reversible capacities should be developed. The progress of research into stable organic electrolytes, ionic liquids, and their effects on the electrochemical performances of DIBs are first discussed. Thereafter, the anion‐host materials including graphitic materials, organic materials, and their working mechanisms are discussed in detail. In addition, recently emerging DIB systems with high‐capacity anodes, or sodium‐, potassium‐ion involved battery reactions are also reviewed. The authors' recent work, demonstrating a generalized DIB construction using metal foil as both current collector and alloying anode material, which is successfully extended into lithium‐, sodium‐, and potassium‐based DIBs, is also discussed.

A Review on the Features and Progress of Dual-Ion Batteries

Safety, nontoxicity, and durability directly determine the applicability of the essential characteristics of the lithium (Li)‐ion battery. Particularly, for the lithium–sulfur battery, due to the low ignition temperature of sulfur, metal lithium as the anode material, and the use of flammable organic electrolytes, addressing security problems is of increased difficulty. In the past few years, two basic electrolyte systems are studied extensively to solve the notorious safety issues. One system is the conventional organic liquid electrolyte, and the other is the inorganic solid‐state or quasi‐solid‐state composite electrolyte. Here, the recent development of engineered liquid electrolytes and design considerations for solid electrolytes in tackling these safety issues are reviewed to ensure the safety of electrolyte systems between sulfur cathode materials and the lithium‐metal anode. Specifically, strategies for designing and modifying liquid electrolytes including introducing gas evolution, flame, aqueous, and dendrite‐free electrolytes are proposed. Moreover, the considerations involving a high‐performance Li+ conductor, air‐stable Li+ conductors, and stable interface performance between the sulfur cathode and the lithium anode for developing all‐solid‐state electrolytes are discussed. In the end, an outlook for future directions to offer reliable electrolyte systems is presented for the development of commercially viable lithium–sulfur batteries.

Designing Safe Electrolyte Systems for a High-Stability Lithium–Sulfur Battery

The development of the next‐generation lithium ion battery requires environmental‐friendly electrode materials with long cycle life and high energy density. Organic compounds are a promising potential source of electrode materials for lithium ion batteries due to their advantages of chemical richness at the molecular level, cost benefit, and environmental friendliness, but they suffer from low capacity and dissatisfactory cycle life mainly due to hydrophobic dissolution in organic electrolytes and poor electronic conductivity. In this work, two types of triazine‐based covalent organic nanosheets (CONs) are exfoliated and composited with carbon nanotubes. The thin‐layered 2D structure for the exfoliated CONs can activate more functional groups for lithium storage and boost the utilization efficiency of redox sites compared to its bulk counterpart. Large reversible capacities of above 1000 mAh g−1 can be achieved after 250 cycles, which is comparable to high‐capacity inorganic electrodes. Moreover, the lithium‐storage mechanism is determined to be an intriguing 11 and 16 electron redox reaction, associated with the organic groups (unusual triazine ring, piperazine ring, and benzene ring, and common CN, NH groups).

Exfoliated Triazine-Based Covalent Organic Nanosheets with Multielectron Redox for High-Performance Lithium Organic Batteries

Solar energy is one of the most abundant renewable energy sources. For efficient utilization of solar energy, photovoltaic technology is regarded as the most important source. However, due to the intermittent and unstable characteristics of solar radiation, photoelectric conversion (PC) devices fail to meet the requirements of continuous power output. With the development of rechargeable electric energy storage systems (ESSs) (e.g., supercapacitors and batteries), the integration of a PC device and a rechargeable ESS has become a promising approach to solving this problem. The so-called integrated photorechargeable ESSs which can directly store sunlight generated electricity in daylight and reversibly release it at night time, has a huge potential for future applications. This review summarizes the development of several types of mainstream integrated photorechargeable ESSs and introduces different working mechanisms for each photorechargeable ESS in detail. Several general perspectives on challenges and future development in the field are also provided.

/pdf/integrated-photorechargeable-energy-storage-system-next-3h52tk4tj9.pdf

Integrated photorechargeable energy storage system: next-generation power source driving the future

The demand for high‐quality graphene from various applications promotes the exploration of various synthesis methods such as chemical vapor deposition, chemical reduction of graphite oxide, liquid‐phase exfoliation, and electrochemical exfoliation. Among those, chemical treatments for the production of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) dictate the current technologies for mass production of graphene powder. However, such conventional chemical reduction methods are rather ineffective in removing oxygen‐containing functional groups from graphene oxide (GO), with resultant RGO products containing high level of structural defects. This leads to significantly damaged crystallinity and drastically lowered electric and thermal conductivity, which is probably the main bottleneck to limit the performance of RGO‐based materials. Great efforts such as thermal reduction, microwave‐irradiation reduction, or other novel reduction methods (e.g., photoreduction) have been developed to repair defects in RGO materials. This perspective review is to outline the latest advances toward effective reduction of GO for significantly enhanced properties. We demonstrate that effectively repaired RGO with large specific surface area and highly improved crystallinity is key to highly improved electric and thermal conductivity, thus leading to significantly enhanced properties essential for chemical energy storage devices.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eem2.12001

Recent Advances in Effective Reduction of Graphene Oxide for Highly Improved Performance Toward Electrochemical Energy Storage

Graphene is intensively investigated in various energy storage and conversion systems such as fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. Despite the exponential increase of the number of publications related with graphene, the practical application of graphene in energy storage and conversion still has many uncertainties, but the reason is rarely mentioned in the literature. Here, the scientific gap between graphene research and the key parameters in Li-ion batteries and beyond is discussed, such as the electrochemical window, the electrode surface area, and the parasitic weight. Different insights are provided for graphene study in batteries that may inspire new ideas to address the practical challenges for large-scale adoption of graphene in energy storage.

Practical Challenges in Employing Graphene for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Beyond

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Practical Challenges in Employing Graphene for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Beyond