Recent advances and challenges of electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors

Supercapacitors (SCs) have received much interest due to their enhanced electrochemical performance, superior cycling life, excellent specific power, and fast charging–discharging rate. The energy density of SCs is comparable to batteries; however, their power density and cyclability are higher by several orders of magnitude relative to batteries, making them a flexible and compromising energy storage alternative, provided a proper design and efficient materials are used. This review emphasizes various types of SCs, such as electrochemical double-layer capacitors, hybrid supercapacitors, and pseudo-supercapacitors. Furthermore, various synthesis strategies, including sol-gel, electro-polymerization, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, chemical vapor deposition, direct coating, vacuum filtration, de-alloying, microwave auxiliary, in situ polymerization, electro-spinning, silar, carbonization, dipping, and drying methods, are discussed. Furthermore, various functionalizations of SC electrode materials are summarized. In addition to their potential applications, brief insights into the recent advances and associated problems are provided, along with conclusions. This review is a noteworthy addition because of its simplicity and conciseness with regard to SCs, which can be helpful for researchers who are not directly involved in electrochemical energy storage.

A Review of Supercapacitors: Materials Design, Modification, and Applications

In this era of fast-moving technology, new paradigm of Internet of Everything (IoE)—the intelligent connection between people, processes, data, and things—will be accompanied by dramatic changes in modern life that...

Flexible Solid-state Hybrid Supercapacitors for the Internet of Everything (IoE)

• The recent progress of transition metal oxides and chalcogenides for supercapacitors is provided. • The crystal structure and electrochemical performance of 2D layer and 3D spinel transition metal oxides and chalcogenides are discussed and the basic rules are summarized. • The strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of transition metal oxides and chalcogenides are detailed. • In / ex situ techniques and theoretical calculation are discussed to explorer the fundamental mechanism of transition metal oxides and chalcogenides. Supercapacitors (SCs) possesses high energy density, high power density and long cyclic performance. This review details the application of transition metal oxides and chalcogenides (TMOs and TMChs) in pseudo-capacitors and hybrid supercapacitors (PCs and HSCs). TMOs and TMChs with layer and spinel crystal structure are discussed. The layer materials exhibit excellent capacity and rate performance but inferior cycling performance; On the contrary, spinel materials have a more stable structure and perform better cyclic performance. TMOs suffer sluggish electrochemical kinetics and poor conductivity; TMChs can make up the defects of their TMOs counterparts. Next, strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of PCs and HSCs based on TMOs and TMChs are detailed, mainly from two aspects: designing the composition, optimizing the structures/morphologies of materials, and improving the conductivity of materials in materials’ aspects; increasing the mass-loading of electrodes, fabricating free-standing electrode and assembling flexible SCs in technical aspects. Furthermore, in/ex situ techniques and theoretical calculation are discussed to explorer the fundamental mechanism of TMOs and TMChs. Lastly, the future research orientations of SCs are also timely concluded. HSCs based on TMOs and TMChs are the hotpot in the future. . 

Recent advances of transition metal oxides and chalcogenides in pseudo-capacitors and hybrid capacitors: A review of structures, synthetic strategies, and mechanism studies

Supercapacitors are rapidly emerging as a pivotal energy storage technology due to their high-power density, fast charging/discharging capabilities, and long cyclic life. This extensive review sheds light on the integral components of supercapacitors, emphasizing electrode materials and the diverse substrates they are interfaced with. The careful selection of appropriate electrode materials, along with their preparation and coating techniques on compatible substrates, significantly influences the performance and cost of supercapacitors. Recent research efforts have focused on enhancing supercapacitor performance by modifying various substrates with nanomaterials. This review covers a range of supercapacitor substrates, including carbon-based substrates, indium tin oxide-coated glass, fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass, nickel foam, stainless steel, and aluminum foil, discussing their modification with various nanomaterials such as carbon-based materials, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal sulfides, MOFs, COFs, MXenes, and conductive polymers. Techniques such as drop casting, electrochemical deposition, hydrothermal methods, and printing techniques are utilized for these modifications. The advantages and disadvantages of each substrate and modification process are examined, focusing on how nanomaterials impact energy storage capacity, power density, and cycling stability. Using nanomaterials increases electrode surface area, leading to higher energy density, while suitable substrates facilitate precise control over nanomaterial modifications, resulting in improved charge storage capabilities. By providing insights into the fundamental knowledge of supercapacitors and emphasizing the potential of nanomaterials and their modification methodologies on various substrates, this review paper offers valuable information for scientists and engineers in the field of energy storage. 

Advanced strategies in electrode engineering and nanomaterial modifications for supercapacitor performance enhancement: A comprehensive review

Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Graphene Coated with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Advanced Supercapacitor Electrode Material with Improved Electrochemical Performance

Different orientations of multilayered Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes uniformly anchored on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets are prepared by a facile chemical deposition method. It is found that vertically oriented Ni(OH)2/rGO has a greater specific capacitance than the horizontally oriented counterpart. The electrochemical performance of as-fabricated vertically oriented Ni(OH)2/rGO composite as cathode material for supercapacitors shows an unexceptionable specific capacitance along with high rate capability and cycling stability. As a result, the specific capacitance reaches 1770 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g in 6 M KOH solution. Furthermore, the Ni(OH)2/rGO electrode displays an ultrahigh rate capability (maintaining 864 F/g at a high current density of 50 A/g) and a super cycling stability (142.2% capacity retention after 3000 charge-discharge cycles). Such an orientation-controlled Ni(OH)2/rGO composite is thus a promising electrode material for great applications in energy storage systems.

Preparation and electrochemical performance of multilayered Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes with different orientations uniformly anchored on reduced graphene oxide sheets

With the advantages of high power density, long cycle life, and fast charging, supercapacitor has become a research hotspot in recent decades. Graphene is considered as an ideal electrode material for supercapacitors because of its special electrical and mechanical properties. In order to prepare graphene that can be used as supercapacitor electrode materials, various methods are proposed, among which hydrothermal method is mostly used, but graphene prepared using this method always agglomerates seriously and rarely have pores that might be helpful for the increase of electrochemical performance. Therefore, sodium alginate, which has strong hydrogen bonding with graphene oxide and might be helpful to optimize the structure of graphene in the reduction process, should be considered. In this paper, by optimizing the ratio of reducing agent and graphene oxide in hydrothermal reaction, two samples that exhibit better performance were obtained. On this basis, sodium alginate was added in the process of hydrothermal reduction of graphene oxide, and the effect of it on the structure and properties of graphene was explored. The results demonstrate that pore structure is formed and the rate performance is improved obviously by adding sodium alginate.

Hydrothermal synthesis of reduced graphene oxide for supercapacitor electrode materials and the effect of added sodium alginate on its structure and performance

With the rapid development of science and technology, traditional supercapacitors have become increasingly difficult to support applications in various scenarios; therefore, the development of flex...

Annealing-Assisted Dip-Coating Synthesis of Ultrafine Fe3O4 Nanoparticles/Graphene on Carbon Cloth for Flexible Quasi-Solid-State Symmetric Supercapacitors

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Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Graphene Coated with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Advanced Supercapacitor Electrode Material with Improved Electrochemical Performance

Preparation and electrochemical performance of multilayered Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes with different orientations uniformly anchored on reduced graphene oxide sheets

Hydrothermal synthesis of reduced graphene oxide for supercapacitor electrode materials and the effect of added sodium alginate on its structure and performance

Annealing-Assisted Dip-Coating Synthesis of Ultrafine Fe3O4 Nanoparticles/Graphene on Carbon Cloth for Flexible Quasi-Solid-State Symmetric Supercapacitors