Stretchable strain sensors have received intensive attention recently due to their widespread potentials in the fields of healthcare monitoring, soft robotics, and electronic skin. Besides high stretchability and excellent sensing properties, the transparency of the sensor is another important parameter when designing multi-functional sensors in reality. In this review paper, we mainly focused on the different strategies to realize the transparency of stretchable strain sensor. Some typical advances in different types of stretchable and transparent strain sensors as well as their mechanisms, sensing properties, and applications are summarized. Finally, the open question and possible solution in this field have also been showcased.

Advances in transparent and stretchable strain sensors

Abstract The flexible and stretchable multifunctional sensors for the precise monitoring of the human physiological health indicators is an emerging requirement of next-generation electronics. However, the integration of multifunctional sensors into a common substrate for simultaneous detection of such signals without interfering with each other is the most challenging work. Here, we propose MXene-Ti 3 C 2 T x and 3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) deposited on laser-induced graphene (LIG/MXene-Ti 3 C 2 T x @EDOT) composite-based flexible and stretchable multifunctional sensors for strain, temperature, and electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. In-situ electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of MXene-Ti 3 C 2 T x @EDOT composite into LIG outperforms high strain sensitivity of 2,075, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 0.86%, and low skin-contact impedance. The sensor platform is integrated into an ultrathin and highly resilient polystyrene- block -poly(ethylene- ran -butylene)- block -polystyrene (SEBS). Finally, we demonstrate on-site detection of human body-induced deformations and physiological health indicators, such as temperature and ECG. The proposed approach paves a promising route to future wearables for smart skin and healthcare applications. 

/pdf/on-skin-ultrathin-and-stretchable-multifunctional-sensor-for-3ixi3e6a.pdf

On-skin ultrathin and stretchable multifunctional sensor for smart healthcare wearables

Flexible strain sensors for wearable applications fabricated using novel functional nanocomposites: A review

Recent advances in wearable biosensing gloves and sensory feedback biosystems for enhancing rehabilitation, prostheses, healthcare, and virtual reality.

Herein, inspired by the tactile perception architecture of human skin, including the epidermis and touch receptor, skin-like flexible pressure sensors were fabricated via the assembly of a sandwich structure composed of an encapsulation layer (bionic epidermis), a piezoresistive sensing layer (bionic touch receptor), and a transducer layer. The piezoresistive sensing layer composed of graphene oxide/ hydroxyl functionalized carbon nanotubes/bovine serum albumin (GO/CNTs/BSA) nanocomposites with wavy microstructures was fabricated using layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technology. The mechanisms of hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions may improve the adhesion efficacy of the textile substrate with conductive nanomaterials. Based on the skin-like architecture for pressure sensing, the sensor exhibited the sensing characteristics, including wide pressure-detecting range (0∼171 kPa), high sensitivity (2.456 kPa−1), rapid response/recovery time (225 ms and 50 ms), and outstanding durability (2000 cycles). Our work provide references for textile-based electronic devices that can be applied to intelligent robotics, wearable monitoring, and man–machine interaction. 

Bioinspired sandwich-structured pressure sensors based on graphene oxide/hydroxyl functionalized carbon nanotubes/bovine serum albumin nanocomposites for wearable textile electronics

A flexible, biocompatible, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)-based strain sensor with high stretchability, good sensitivity, and excellent repeatability is presented for the first time. Carbon black (CB) particles were embedded into an NBR matrix via a dissolving-coating technique, and the obtained NBR/CB composite was coated with polydopamine (PDA) to preserve the CB layer. The mechanical properties of the NBR films were found to be significantly improved with the addition of CB and PDA, and the produced composite films were noncytotoxic and highly biocompatible. Strain-sensing tests showed that the uncoated CB/NBR films possess a high sensing range (strain of ∼550%) and good sensitivity (gauge factor of 52.2), whereas the PDA/NBR/CB films show a somewhat reduced sensing range (strain of ∼180%) but significantly improved sensitivity (gauge factor of 346). The hysteresis curves obtained from cyclic strain-sensing tests demonstrate the prominent robustness of the sensor material. Three novel equations were developed to accurately describe the uniaxial and cyclic strain-sensing behavior observed for the investigated strain sensors. Gloves and knee/elbow covers were produced from the films, revealing that the signals generated by different finger, elbow, and knee movements are easily distinguishable, thus confirming that the PDA/NBR/CB composite films can be used in a wide range of wearable strain sensor applications.

Biocompatible, Flexible Strain Sensor Fabricated with Polydopamine-Coated Nanocomposites of Nitrile Rubber and Carbon Black.

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Biocompatible, Flexible Strain Sensor Fabricated with Polydopamine-Coated Nanocomposites of Nitrile Rubber and Carbon Black.