A novel, highly accurate sample injection system for capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed based on an inkjet microchip capable of reproducing exact introduction volumes at the picoliter level. The difficulty in analyte discrimination using electrokinetic injection was also overcome using this injection method. The injection system consisted of an XY stage, an inkjet droplet ejection microchip, and a reservoir with a plug-in septum. To evaluate the precision of the system, a mixture of NBD-labeled amino acids consisting of Gly, l-Phe, l-Asp, and l-Ser was separated, and the performance was compared with that of traditional hydrodynamic and electrokinetic injection methods. The results demonstrated that the introduced volume highly relied on the number of droplets with low relative standard derivation (RSD) and good linear correction coefficient in the proposed injection method. In addition, a urine sample was analyzed via CE coupled with the inkjet injection system for the detection of the amino ac...

Accurate and highly reproducible picoliter injection system for capillary electrophoresis.

The principle of the generation of liquid droplets in liquids by inkjet was discussed in this paper. As a liquid/liquid droplet generator, inkjet was used to produce monodisperse water droplets in oil (W/O) and oil droplets in water (O/W). Strategies for regulating droplet generation in various liquids were experimentally explored. The diameter of the generated monodisperse droplet also could be accurately tuned by varying the driving voltage and pulse width exerted on the miniature piezo ceramic slide of inkjet device. Experimentally, limitations of generation monodisperse droplets were discussed for both W/O and O/W. The work could be a guidance to generate monodisperse droplets in liquids by inkjet aiming at wide applications of simple droplets generation in liquids.

Investigation of monodisperse droplet generation in liquids by inkjet

The use of an inkjet injection technique in immunoassays by quantitative on-line electrophoretically mediated microanalysis.

A quantitative sample introduction method based upon inkjet injection was applied to capillary electrophoresis coupled with stacking and sweeping on-line concentration techniques. Methylxanthines were used as model compounds for the proof-of-concept of the method. The volume of injected sample could be easily manipulated by controlling the number of ejected droplets in the injection procedure. Under optimized conditions, a linear relationship between the ejected droplet number and peak area was obtained when the droplet number introduced into the capillary was less than 100. Under optimized quantitative on-line concentration conditions, the limits of detection for theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline were 1.0, 2.0, and 1.0 μM, respectively. The inkjet injection system was evaluated by comparing it with conventional injection methods. The electropherogram of the inkjet injection mode was the same as that for hydrodynamic injection mode, and no sample discrimination was observed compared with the electrokinetic injection mode. The established method was applied to the determination of methylxanthines in bottled green tea. The recoveries of theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline were 94.1, 110.6, and 86.8%, respectively. We conclude that proposed method can be used for quantitative concentration for capillary electrophoresis, thus resulting in an improved accuracy.

Quantitative on-line concentration for capillary electrophoresis with inkjet sample introduction technique.

A quantitatively controlled immunoassay at the nanoliter level based on inkjet technology was developed. The volumes of solutions/samples introduced were accurately controlled at the nanoliter level by using a four-channel inkjet microchip. Antibody/antigen recognition was performed in an amino modified capillary with a short diffusion distance. As a proof-of-concept, a sandwich immunoassay of human IgA was conducted using the developed method. The results demonstrated a low detection limit (0.03 ng mL−1) and a wide linear range (0.1–100 ng mL−1, R2 = 0.9959), comparable to currently used methods. For each capillary immunoassay, the volumes of the ejected solutions for human IgA, FITC conjugated anti-human IgA and the glycine–HCl dissociation solution were 52.15 ± 1.53 nL, 65.70 ± 2.06 nL and 37.51 ± 0.96 nL, respectively. This method, in which an inkjet functions as a novel “nanoliter pipette” in combination with a capillary for nanoliter immunoassays, has promising applications in areas of clinical diagnosis and drug screening.

Quantitative-nanoliter immunoassay in capillary immune microreactor adopted inkjet technology

Accurate nano-injection system for capillary gas chromatography.

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Accurate nano-injection system for capillary gas chromatography.