Graphene has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years due to its unusual electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties. Exploiting graphene properties in a variety of applications requires a chemical approach for the large-scale production of high-quality, processable graphene sheets (GS), which has remained an unanswered challenge. Herein, we report a rapid one-pot supercritical fluid (SCF) exfoliation process for the production of high-quality, large-scale, and processable graphene for technological applications. Direct high-yield conversion of graphite crystals to GS is possible under SCF conditions because of the high diffusivity and solvating power of SCFs, such as ethanol, N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), and DMF. For the first time, we report a one-pot direct conversion of graphite crystals to a high yield of graphene sheets in which about 90-95% of the exfoliated sheets are or = 10 layers.

Rapid and direct conversion of graphite crystals into high-yielding, good-quality graphene by supercritical fluid exfoliation

Ionic liquids, as reaction media, and sonochemistry are two recently developing fields of chemistry that present some similarities. Firstly, they constitute separately unconventional approaches to reaction chemistry that, in many cases, generate improvements in yield, rate and selectivity compared to classical chemistry, or even change the mechanisms or products expected. In addition, both are often associated with green chemistry concepts as a result of their properties and their possible eco-friendly uses. A recent trend has been to combine these two technologies in a range of different applications and the results demonstrate very significant and occasionally surprising synergetic effects. Here we critically review the advantages and limitations of the ionic liquid/ultrasound combination in different applications in chemistry, to understand how, and in which respects, it could become an essential tool of sustainable chemistry in the future. Many practical and theoretical aspects associated with this combination of techniques are not understood or resolved and we discus where fundamental studies might further advance this field.

Ionic liquids and ultrasound in combination: synergies and challenges

3D Printing Ionogel Auxetic Frameworks for Stretchable Sensors

In this contribution, we report a new type of poly (ionic liquids) prepared by imidazolium ionic liquids directly grafting onto polyethylene oxide backbone. Different molecular weights of poly (ionic liquids) are obtained with a low glass transition temperature up to −14 °C. The materials as polymer electrolyte achieve a high conductivity around 10−5 S cm−1 at 30 °C and close to 10−3 S cm−1 at 90 °C. High viscosity up to 4000 Pa s at room temperature would minimize the electrolytes leaking in electrochemical devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2104–2110

Low glass transition temperature polymer electrolyte prepared from ionic liquid grafted polyethylene oxide

Hybrid capacitors are emerging because of their ability to store large amounts of energy, cycle through charges quickly, and maintain stability even in harsh environments or extreme temperatures. Hybrid capacitors...

/pdf/recent-advances-in-carbon-based-nanomaterial-for-multivalent-34w0u0lt.pdf

Recent Advances in Carbon-based Nanomaterial for Multivalent-ion Hybrid Capacitors: A review

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene sheets are the most promising fillers for polymer nanocomposites due to their superior mechanical, electrical, thermal optical and gas barrier properties, as well as high flame-retardant efficiency. The critical challenge, however, is how to uniformly disperse them into the polymer matrix to achieve a strong interface for good load transfer between the two. This problem is not new but more acute in CNTs and graphene, both because they are intrinsically insoluble and tend to aggregate into bundles and because their surfaces are atomically smooth. Over the past decade, imidazolium ionic liquids (Imi-ILs) have played a multifunctional role (e.g., as solvents, dispersants, stabilizers, compatibilizers, modifiers and additives) in the fabrication of polymer composites containing CNTs or graphene. In this review, we first summarize the liquid-phase exfoliation, stabilization, dispersion of CNTs and graphene in Imi-ILs, as well as the chemical and/or thermal reduction of graphene oxide to graphene with the aid of Imi-ILs. We then present a full survey of the literature on the Imi-ILs assisted fabrication of CNTs and graphene-based nanocomposites with a variety of polymers, including fluoropolymers, hydrocarbon polymers, polyacrylates, cellulose and polymeric ionic liquids. Finally, we give a future outlook in hopes of facilitating progress in this emerging area.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/5/2/847/pdf

Progress in Imidazolium Ionic Liquids Assisted Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Polymer Composites

Due to the strong and tunable photothermal effect, metallic nanoparticles are of enormous interest in light-activated biomedical applications, such as photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and photothermal therapy (PTT). However, the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of existing metallic photothermal agents is still unsatisfactory. Herein, we develop an efficient photothermal theranostic agent based on a gold nanostar@polyaniline core-shell nanocomposite with high PCE for PAI-guided PTT at a low dosage. After optimizing the relative composition of polyaniline (PANI) and gold nanostars (AuNSs), this nanocomposite eventually empowers an outstanding PCE of up to 78.6%, which is much better than AuNSs or PANI alone and most of the existing photothermal theranostic agents. Besides, the nanocomposite can act as a targeted probe for tumors by hyaluronic acid (HA) modification without compromising the photothermal performance. The obtained nanoprobes named AuNSPHs exhibit promising biocompatibility and great performance of PAI-guided PTT to treat triple-negative breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, a single injection of AuNSPHs significantly suppresses tumor growth with a low dosage of Au (0.095 mg/kg), which is attributed to the high PCE of AuNSPHs. Taking advantage of the exhilarating photothermal conversion ability, this theranostic agent can safely potentiate the antitumor therapeutic efficacy of laser-induced ablation and holds great potential for future medical applications.

Gold Nanostar@Polyaniline Theranostic Agent with High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Anticancer Phototherapy at a Low Dosage.

A Novel Functional Fluorescent Probe Based on a Pyrene Derivative for the Detection of Multiple Pollutants

Two-stage emulsion polymerization was employed to synthesize nanoparticles consisting of a low glass transition temperature core of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) and a glassy poly(methyl methylacrylate) (PMMA) shell. Incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) into the PBA-PMMA latex produced GO/PBA-PMMA composites after demulsification and graphene/PBA-PMMA composites after chemical reduction of GO. The as-prepared powdery materials were processed into thin films by compression molding at room temperature as the result of a pressure-induced mixing mechanism of microphase-separated baroplastics. The presence of oxygen-containing groups for GO sheets contributed to better dispersion and stronger interface with the matrix, thereby showing greater reinforcement efficiency toward polymers compared to graphene sheets. In addition, both Young's modulus and yield strength for all materials increased with applied pressure and processing time due to better flowability, processability and cohesion at higher pressure and longer time. Low-temperature processing under pressure is of significance for energy conservation, recyclability and environmental protection during plastic processing.

/pdf/low-temperature-baroplastic-processing-of-graphene-based-46rp10p1i3.pdf

Low-temperature baroplastic processing of graphene-based polymer composites by pressure-induced flow

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Progress in Imidazolium Ionic Liquids Assisted Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Polymer Composites

Gold Nanostar@Polyaniline Theranostic Agent with High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Anticancer Phototherapy at a Low Dosage.

A Novel Functional Fluorescent Probe Based on a Pyrene Derivative for the Detection of Multiple Pollutants

Low-temperature baroplastic processing of graphene-based polymer composites by pressure-induced flow