Nowadays, all-ceramic materials are routinely used within the treatment of patients in dentistry. The objective of this prospective clinical trial was the evaluation of chair-side generated monolithic lithium disilicate crowns after 10 years. Forty-one posterior full contour crowns made of lithium disilicate ceramics were inserted with a self-adhesive resin cement in 34 patients (20 university/14 private practice) using a chair-side CAD/CAM technique. One crown per patient was randomly selected for evaluation according to the modified US Public Health Service criteria. After a mean examination time of 10.1 years, 26 crowns were available for re-examination. Within the observation period, five failures occurred due to one crown fracture after 2.9 years, an abutment fracture after 6.0 years, one severe endodontic problem after 6.1 years, a root fracture after 7.0 years, and a replacement of one crown caused by a carious lesion after 10 years. Complications occurred as retention loss of one crown, two carious lesions, and a change in sensibility perception of two abutment teeth. All events were associated with molars. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a survival rate of 83.5% and a complication-free rate of 71.0% after 10 years. Due to the small amount of technical complications and failures, the clinical performance of monolithic lithium disilicate crowns was completely satisfying. The insertion of chair-side fabricated monolithic lithium disilicate crowns can be recommended for long-term use in the posterior region.

Clinical survival of chair-side generated monolithic lithium disilicate crowns:10-year results.

Glass-ceramics in dentistry: Fundamentals, technologies, experimental techniques, applications, and open issues

Objectives The purpose of this study is to improve wear resistance and mechanical properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics by refining their crystal sizes. Methods After lithium disilicate glass-ceramics (LD) were melted to form precursory glass blocks, bar (N = 40, n = 10) and plate (N = 32, n = 8) specimens were prepared. According to the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of precursory glass, specimens G1–G4 were designed to form lithium disilicate glass-ceramics with different crystal sizes using a two-step thermal treatment. In the meantime, heat-pressed lithium disilicate glass-ceramics (GC-P) and original ingots (GC-O) were used as control groups. Glass-ceramics were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and were tested using flexural strength test, nanoindentation test and toughness measurements. The plate specimens were dynamically loaded in a chewing simulator with 350 N up to 2.4 × 106 loading cycles. The wear analysis of glass-ceramics was performed using a 3D profilometer after every 300,000 wear cycles. Wear morphologies and microstructures were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Multiple pairwise comparisons of means were performed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Results Materials with different crystal sizes (p  Conclusions After crystal refining, lithium disilicate glass-ceramic with medium-sized crystals showed the highest wear resistance and mechanical properties.

Effects of crystal refining on wear behaviors and mechanical properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics.

To evaluate the clinical performance of partial glass-ceramic (IPS e.max Press) posterior restorations. A total of 765 restorations in 158 patients were placed between 2008 and 2018 and evaluated in a prospective study during regular dental care visits between 2015 and 2018. The restorations were luted with a conventional photo-polymerized resin composite (HFO) in conjunction with an Immediate Dentin Sealing procedure (IDS). Intra-oral photographs and radiographs were made and evaluated using USPHS criteria. The mean observation time was 53.3 months (range 3–113 months). Three absolute failures occurred (tooth fractures, n = 2; apical re-infection, n = 1) all leading to the loss of the restored tooth. Repairable and salvageable failures occurred in 9 teeth (endodontic complications, n = 7; secondary caries, n = 1; debonding, n = 1). The survival and success rates according to Kaplan-Meier after 5 years cumulated to 99.6% and 98.6%, respectively. Location (premolar/molar and mandibula/maxilla), pre-restorative endodontic status (vital/devitalised) and extension of the indirect ceramic restoration (number of sides and cusps involved) did not significantly affect the cumulative success rate (log rank test, p > 0.05). The condition of the vast majority of the restorations remained unaffected for 5 years. Partial glass-ceramic posterior restorations (pressed lithium disilicate (IPS e.max press, Ivoclar Vivadent) luted by means of a conventional photo-polymerized resin composite in conjunction with the use of an IDS procedure have an excellent medium-term prognosis. Partial glass-ceramic posterior restorations can be considered as a highly reliable treatment option. Location and extension of the restoration and pre-restorative endodontic status do not affect success rate.

/pdf/prospective-clinical-evaluation-of-765-partial-glass-ceramic-457inhyc8z.pdf

Prospective clinical evaluation of 765 partial glass-ceramic posterior restorations luted using photo-polymerized resin composite in conjunction with immediate dentin sealing

The IPS e.max system by Ivoclar Vivadent, offering a variety of products and indications, is widely used for all-ceramic restorations. We analyzed the clinical track record of these products in daily clinical practice, associating their restorative survival rate with various parameters to define recommendations for long-term stability. A total of 1058 full-coverage crowns and fixed partial dentures (FPDs) were evaluated retrospectively over up to 66.48 (37.05 ± 18.4) months. All were made of IPS e.max Press, IPS e.max CAD, IPS e.max Ceram or IPS e.max ZirPress and had been delivered by a private dental practice within three years. Uses not recommended by the manufacturer were also deliberately included. The five-year cumulative survival was 94.22% (i.e., 94.69% or 90.58% for glass-ceramic crowns or FDPs and 100% or 90.06% for zirconia-based crowns or FDPs). Significantly superior outcomes emerged for conventional vs. adhesive cementation and for vital vs. non-vital abutment teeth, but not for recommended vs. non-recommended uses. Caution is required in restoring non-vital teeth, but the spectrum of recommended uses should generally be reconsidered and expanded, given our finding of high survival and success rates for IPS e.max ceramics, even for uses not currently recommended by the manufacturer.

IPS e.max for All-Ceramic Restorations: Clinical Survival and Success Rates of Full-Coverage Crowns and Fixed Partial Dentures.

Objectives This study evaluated the wear performance and wear mechanisms of four dental glass-ceramics, based on the microstructure and mechanical properties in the progressive wear process. Methods Bar (N = 40, n = 10) and disk (N = 32, n = 8) specimens were prepared from (A) lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LD), (B) leucite reinforced glass-ceramic (LEU), (C) feldspathic glass-ceramic (FEL), and (D) fluorapatite glass-ceramic (FLU). The bar specimens were tested for three-point flexural strength, hardness, fracture toughness and elastic modulus. The disk specimens paired with steatite antagonists were tested in a pin-on-disk tribometer with 10 N up to 1000,000 wear cycles. The wear analysis of glass-ceramics was performed using a 3D profilometer after every 200,000 wear cycles. Wear loss of steatite antagonists was calculated by measuring the weight and density using sensitive balance and Archimedes’ method. Wear morphologies and microstructures were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystalline phase compositions were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Multiple pair-wise comparison of means was performed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Results LD showed the highest fracture toughness, flexural strength, elastic modulus and crystallinity, followed by LEU and FEL, and FLU showed the lowest. However, the hardness of LD was lower than all the other three types of ceramics. For steatite antagonists, LD produced the least wear loss of antagonist, followed by LEU and FEL, and FLU had the most wear loss. For glass-ceramic materials, LD exhibited similar wear loss as LEU, but more than FLU and FEL did. Moreover, fracture occurred on the wear surface of FLU. Conclusions In the progressive wear process, veneering porcelains showed better wear resistance but fluorapatite veneering porcelains appeared fracture surface. Monolithic lithium disilicate glass-ceramics with higher mechanical properties showed more wear loss, however, they did not fracture and produced less wear loss of antagonists.

A comparative study of progressive wear of four dental monolithic, veneered glass-ceramics.

Multiphysics simulation for concrete early-age hydration behavior with mesoscopic modelling

In order to determine the material of the main transformer terminal, the electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and stress corrosion resistance of brass alloy terminal were studied by XRD, mechanical properties test and ammonia fumigation test. The results show that H59 alloy consists of (Cu, Zn) phase, Cu5Zn8 phase and CuZn phase, H70 alloy consists of (Cu, Zn) phase and dendritic Cu0.64Zn0.36 phase, H80 alloy and H90 alloy are both (Cu, Zn) phase. With the increase of Cu content, the strength of brass decreases, the conductivity increases, and the stress corrosion resistance increases. H90 alloy has excellent plasticity and toughness, excellent resistance to ammonia fumigation stress corrosion, and can be used as main transformer terminal material.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2174/1/012054

Research on the Performance of Brass Alloy Main transformer terminal

Nondestructive thickness determination of polymers based on optical contrast of graphene

Salt spray splashing on the structural surfaces of ships is a common difficulty in polar navigation. In this paper, experiments are designed to study the variation in the growth peak of pure water droplets on the surface of a hydrophobic coating with a contact angle of 90°, and the numerical simulation method is verified according to the experiment. The variation in the growth peak calculated by the numerical simulation is consistent with the experiment, and the calculation error of the freezing time obtained by numerical simulation is less than 10% of that of the experiment. The freezing processes of droplets with salinity levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 10 μL on the surfaces of the hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and super hydrophobic plates are studied. The freezing time of the droplets is calculated, along with the effects of the wall temperature, surface contact angle, and salinity on the freezing time and freezing process of the droplets. The results show that the freezing time increased dramatically with increasing salinity. The influence of the contact angle and substrate temperature on the freezing process was also concentrated. All these results contribute to a better understanding of the icing mechanism on marine surfaces.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/2/994/pdf?version=1673437245

Simulation Study on the Factors Affecting the Solidification of Liquid Droplets with Different Salinity on Cold Surfaces

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