Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between production of free radicals and reactive metabolites or [reactive oxygen species (ROS)] and their elimination by through protective mechanisms, including (antioxidants) This Such imbalance leads to damage of cells and important biomolecules and cells, with hence posing a potential adverse impact on the whole organism At the center of the day-to-day biological response to oxidative stress is the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) - nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)- antioxidant response elements (ARE) pathway, which regulates the transcription of many several antioxidant genes that preserve cellular homeostasis and detoxification genes that process and eliminate carcinogens and toxins before they can cause damage The redox-sensitive signaling system Keap1/Nrf2/ARE plays a key role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under stress, inflammatory, carcinogenic, and pro-apoptotic conditions, which allows us to consider it as a pharmacological target Herein, we review and discuss the recent advancements in the regulation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE system, and its role under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, eg such as in exercise, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, liver and kidney system, etc and such

The Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Mechanisms of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway in Chronic Diseases

To study the effects of curcumin on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells exposed to high glucose (HG) insult, we performed in vitro studies on RPE cells cultured both in normal and HG conditions to assess the effects of curcumin on the cell viability, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, HO-1 activity, and ERK1/2 expression. RPE cells exposed to HG insult were treated with curcumin. The cell viability, apoptosis, HO-1 activity, ERK, and Nrf2 expression were evaluated. The data indicated that treatment with curcumin caused a significant decrease in terms of apoptosis. Further, curcumin was able to induce HO-1 expression via Nrf2 activation and counteracts the damage elicited by HG. The present study demonstrated that curcumin provides protection against HG-induced damage in RPE cells through the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling that involves the ERK pathway, suggesting that curcumin may have therapeutic value in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

Curcumin prevents high glucose damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells through ERK1/2-mediated activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Artificial intelligence (AI), currently a cutting-edge concept, has the potential to improve the quality of life of human beings. The fields of AI and biological research are becoming more intertwined, and methods for extracting and applying the information stored in live organisms are constantly being refined. As the field of AI matures with more trained algorithms, the potential of its application in epidemiology, the study of host–pathogen interactions and drug designing widens. AI is now being applied in several fields of drug discovery, customized medicine, gene editing, radiography, image processing and medication management. More precise diagnosis and cost-effective treatment will be possible in the near future due to the application of AI-based technologies. In the field of agriculture, farmers have reduced waste, increased output and decreased the amount of time it takes to bring their goods to market due to the application of advanced AI-based approaches. Moreover, with the use of AI through machine learning (ML) and deep-learning-based smart programs, one can modify the metabolic pathways of living systems to obtain the best possible outputs with the minimal inputs. Such efforts can improve the industrial strains of microbial species to maximize the yield in the bio-based industrial setup. This article summarizes the potentials of AI and their application to several fields of biology, such as medicine, agriculture, and bio-based industry.

/pdf/artificial-intelligence-in-biological-sciences-sghujqdo.pdf

Artificial Intelligence in Biological Sciences

Both exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) have been linked to decreased conventional outflow of aqueous humor (AH). To better understand the molecular changes in the AH content under such conditions, we analyzed the miRNA profiles of AH samples from patients with POAG and XFG compared to non-glaucoma controls. Individual AH samples (n = 76) were collected from POAG and XFG patients and age-matched controls during surgical procedure. After RNA extraction, the miRNA profiles were individually determined in 12 POAG, 12 XFG and 11 control samples. We identified 205, 295 and 195 miRNAs in the POAG, XFG and control samples, respectively. Our differential expression analysis identified three miRNAs (miR-125b-5p, miR-302d-3p and miR-451a) significantly different between POAG and controls, five miRNAs (miR-122-5p, miR-3144-3p, miR-320a, miR-320e and miR-630) between XFG and controls and one miRNA (miR-302d-3p) between POAG and XFG. While none of these miRNAs have been previously linked to glaucoma, miR-122-5p may target three glaucoma-associated genes: OPTN, TMCO1 and TGF-ß1. Pathway analysis revealed that these miRNAs are involved in potential glaucoma pathways, including focal adhesion, tight junctions, and TGF-ß signaling. Comparison of the miRNA profile in AH to unrelated human serum (n = 12) exposed potential relationships between these two fluids, although they were not significantly correlated. In summary, we have successfully profiled the miRNA expression without amplification in individual human AH samples and identified several POAG or XFG-associated miRNAs. These miRNAs may play a role in pathways previously implicated in glaucoma and act as biomarkers for disease pathogenesis.

Differentially expressed microRNAs in the aqueous humor of patients with exfoliation glaucoma or primary open-angle glaucoma

Nrf2 a molecular therapeutic target for Astaxanthin.

Organ fibrosis is a common pathological result of various chronic diseases with multiple causes. Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and eventually leads to the destruction of the tissue structure and impaired organ function. Prostaglandins are produced by arachidonic acid through cyclooxygenases and various prostaglandin-specific synthases. Prostaglandins bind to homologous receptors on adjacent tissue cells in an autocrine or paracrine manner and participate in the regulation of a series of physiological or pathological processes, including fibrosis. This review summarizes the properties, synthesis, and degradation of various prostaglandins, as well as the roles of these prostaglandins and their receptors in fibrosis in multiple models to reveal the clinical significance of prostaglandins and their receptors in the treatment of fibrosis.

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/6/789/pdf

The Roles of Various Prostaglandins in Fibrosis: A Review.

With the continuous development of computer technology, big data acquisition and imaging methods, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical fields is expanding. The use of machine learning and deep learning in the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases is becoming more widespread. As one of the main causes of visual impairment, myopia has a high global prevalence. Early screening or diagnosis of myopia, combined with other effective therapeutic interventions, is very important to maintain a patient's visual function and quality of life. Through the training of fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and slit lamp images and through platforms provided by telemedicine, AI shows great application potential in the detection, diagnosis, progression prediction and treatment of myopia. In addition, AI models and wearable devices based on other forms of data also perform well in the behavioral intervention of myopia patients. Admittedly, there are still some challenges in the practical application of AI in myopia, such as the standardization of datasets; acceptance attitudes of users; and ethical, legal and regulatory issues. This paper reviews the clinical application status, potential challenges and future directions of AI in myopia and proposes that the establishment of an AI-integrated telemedicine platform will be a new direction for myopia management in the post-COVID-19 period.

/pdf/applications-of-artificial-intelligence-in-myopia-current-1u8ew08o.pdf

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Myopia: Current and Future Directions

Abstract Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is an ocular pathological change that results from an imbalance between angiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors as a result of various ocular insults, including infection, inflammation, hypoxia, trauma, corneal degeneration, and corneal transplantation. Current clinical strategies for the treatment of CNV include pharmacological treatment and surgical intervention. Despite some degree of success, the current treatment strategies are restricted by limited efficacy, adverse effects, and a short duration of action. Recently, gene-based antiangiogenic therapy has become an emerging strategy that has attracted considerable interest. However, potential complications with the use of viral vectors, such as potential genotoxicity resulting from long-term expression and nonspecific targeting, cannot be ignored. The use of ocular nanosystems (ONS) based on nanotechnology has emerged as a great advantage in ocular disease treatment during the last two decades. The potential functions of ONS range from nanocarriers, which deliver drugs and genes to target sites in the eye, to therapeutic agents themselves. Various preclinical studies conducted to date have demonstrated promising results of the use of ONS in the treatment of CNV. In this review, we provide an overview of CNV and its current therapeutic strategies and summarize the properties and applications of various ONS related to the treatment of CNV reported to date. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive review of these considerable advances in ONS in the field of CNV therapy over the past two decades to fill the gaps in previous related reports. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and future perspectives of the use of ONS in CNV therapy, with the goal of providing a theoretical contribution to facilitate future practical growth in the area.

An Update on Novel Ocular Nanosystems with Possible Benefits in the Treatment of Corneal Neovascularization

Here, we report a rare case of a 47-year-old man presenting with idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysm, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome combined with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). He was treated with retinal photocoagulation combined with intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering therapy. At the 1-year follow-up, the patient's vision had not decreased and the IOP was well controlled. The abnormality of this case is the nonperfusion of macular deep capillary. Many studies support that POAG has no effects on the ischemia of deep capillary plexus. This case suggests that ischemia in the deep capillary plexus should be considered in IRVAN syndrome.

Macular deep capillary nonperfusion in idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysm, and neuroretinitis syndrome

Glaucoma is a disease with characteristic optic neuropathy and loss of vision, leading to blindness, and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common glaucoma type throughout the world. Genetic susceptibility is the main factor in POAG, and most susceptibility genes cause changes in microRNA expression and function, thereby leading to POAG occurrence and development. Increasing evidence indicates that many microRNAs are involved in the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and play an important role in the increase in IOP in POAG. Additionally, microRNA is closely related to optic nerve damage factors (mechanical stress, hypoxia and inflammation). This review discusses the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in POAG-related genes on microRNA and the value of microRNA in the diagnosis and treatment of POAG.

An update: mechanisms of microRNA in primary open-angle glaucoma

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