Mobility management is a major challenge in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) due in part to the dynamically changing network topologies. For mobile sensor networks that are deployed for surveillance applications, it is important to use a mobility management scheme that can empower nodes to make better decisions regarding their positions such that strategic tasks such as target tracking can benefit from node movement. In this paper, we describe a distributed mobility management scheme for mobile sensor networks. The proposed scheme considers node movement decisions as part of a distributed optimization problem which integrates mobility-enhanced improvement in the quality of target tracking data with the associated negative consequences of increased energy consumption due to locomotion, potential loss of network connectivity, and loss of sensing coverage.

/pdf/distributed-mobility-management-for-target-tracking-in-44pcbieckd.pdf

Distributed Mobility Management for Target Tracking in Mobile Sensor Networks

EA-MAC protocol is proposed on the basis of SMAC protocol to remedy the shortcomings of SMAC. In the EA-MAC, node correlation analysis algorithm and traffic adaptive duty cycle mechanism are added. Meanwhile, the residual energy is introduced into the existing traffic adaptive back-off mechanism to measure the saving efficiency. In the node correlation algorithm, all network nodes are divided into several areas by computing node correlation according to the collected information. The clustering mechanism is applied for choosing representative node in each area for transmitting data. This method can effectively reduce redundant nodes transmitting duplicate data. In traffic adaptive duty cycle mechanism, the duty cycle is regulated dynamically to decrease idle listening by comparing the threshold set with the flow value obtained from the predict flow model. In back-off mechanisms, by adjusting the value of contention window and back-off time, data collisions can be effectively avoided when network traffic is heavy. In addition, nodes with more remaining energy have priority to access the channel and have shorter back-off time, which can keep the balance of the whole network energy consumption and lengthen network lifetime. Simulation results show that the EA-MAC protocol has better energy saving, throughput, shorter delay performance, and low packet loss rate than that of SMAC protocol in dynamic traffic sensor networks.

/pdf/an-adaptive-traffic-mac-protocol-based-on-correlation-of-q5g8okucmr.pdf

An adaptive traffic MAC protocol based on correlation of nodes

In Sensor-MAC (S-MAC) protocol, a node located between two or more virtual clusters is called boarder node that adopts different listen and sleep schedules. These border nodes consume a large amount of energy as they switch to the listening mode often due to diversified scheduling which in turns decreases the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. This paper proposed a new unified scheduling method to solve the diversified scheduling problem of border nodes in S-MAC and evaluated the performance through simulation. It has been observed from the simulated results that the border nodes have consumed less power in case of large network as well as small networks.

/pdf/energy-efficient-scheduling-algorithm-for-s-mac-protocol-in-4gdq06sa3o.pdf

Energy efficient scheduling algorithm for s-mac protocol in wireless sensor network

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a critical component of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which involve the applications of advanced information processing, communications, sensing, and controlling technologies in an integrated manner to improve the functionality and the safety of transportation systems, providing drivers with timely information on road and traffic conditions, and achieving smooth traffic flow on the roads. Recently, the security of VANETs has attracted major attention for the possible presence of malicious elements, and the presence of altered messages due to channel errors in transmissions. In order to provide reliable and secure communications, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) can serve as a second defense wall after prevention-based approaches, such as encryption. This chapter first presents the state-of-the-art literature on intrusion detection in VANETs. Next, the detection of illicit wireless transmissions from the physical layer perspective is investigated, assuming the presence of regular ongoing legitimate transmissions. Finally, a novel cooperative intrusion detection scheme from the MAC sub-layer perspective is discussed. Chong Han University of Surrey, UK Sami Muhaidat Khalifa University, UAE Ibrahim Abualhaol Khalifa University, UAE Mehrdad Dianati University of Surrey, UK Rahim Tafazolli University of Surrey, UK DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-4691-9.ch008

Security, Privacy, Trust, and Resource Management in Mobile and Wireless Communications

Vehicular communication is regarded as a backbone for the development of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Recently vehicular communication has attracted researchers from both academia and industry all over the world, notably, in the United States of America, Japan and European Union. The rapid advances in wireless technologies provide opportunities to utilize them in vehicular communication in advanced road safety applications. The most important feature of vehicular communication is to improve the road traffic safety, efficiency, comfort and quality of everyday road travel. Networking in particular and communication in general are important rudiments in the development of ITS. Generally, in vehicular communication, the information exchange occurs among vehicles not only in an ad-hoc based vehicle-to-vehicle networking but also in a vehicle-to-infrastructure with possible intermediate infrastructure-to-infrastructure networking. Therefore, the infrastructure plays major role in order to realize the full potential of vehicular communications. This chapter provides an in-depth survey of the infrastructures and technologies that are recently proposed as part of future ITS developments as well as tested for vehicular communications in mobile environment. Specifically, we provide an in-depth analysis of wireless technology-applications such as ad-hoc networking and wireless local area network (WLAN), dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), cellular technology and NOTICE Architecture, and compare their characteristics in terms of their abilities to support vehicular communications for development of ITS.

Infrastructures in Vehicular Communications: Status, Challenges and Perspectives

Many routing protocols for wireless sensor network have been proposed, with the purpose of achieving efficient routing. However, when the mobility increases rapidly and the network topology becomes more complex, they have to utilize broadcasting method for packet routing, but the overhead grows rapidly. In this paper, we propose dynamic enclose cell (DEC) routing algorithm to decrease the overhead of routing by constructing the cells with sensor nodes. Compared to existing routing protocols, the DEC routing algorithm is expected to decrease overheads and retain stable networks in high mobility.

Dynamic enclose cell routing in mobile sensor networks

In this paper, we proposed TASL-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks. In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are usually deployed in a special environment, are assigned with long-term work, and are supported by a limited battery. As such, reducing the energy consumption becomes the primary concern with regard to wireless sensor networks. At the same time, reducing the latency in multi-hop data transmission is also very important. In the existing research, sensor nodes are expected to be switched to the sleep mode in order to reduce energy consumption. However, the existing proposals tended to assign the sensors with a fixed Sleep/Listening schedule, which causes unnecessary idle listening problems and conspicuous transmission latency due to the diversity of the traffic-load in the network. TASL-MAC is designed to dynamically adjust the duty listening time based on traffic load. This protocol enables the node with a proper data transfer rate to satisfy the application`s requirements. Meanwhile, it can lead to much greater power efficiency by prolonging the nodes` sleeping time when the traffic. We evaluate our implementation of TASL-MAC in NS-2. The evaluation result indicates that our proposal could explicitly reduce packet delivery latency, and that it could also significantly prolong the lifetime of the entire network when traffic is low.

/pdf/tasl-a-traffic-adapted-sleep-listening-mac-protocol-for-2kgsxpzoip.pdf

TASL: A Traffic-Adapted Sleep/Listening MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

S-MAC is a MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol as specialized for the wireless sensor network in order to sacrifice transmission delay and extend the working life of the whole sensor nodes. S-MAC, which was made by modifying IEEE 802.11, reduced the energy wasted in the wireless sensor network by using a periodic listen and sleep scheduling method. The first task that the wireless sensor network using S-MAC performs is to find a neighbor node, and then choose and broadcast its own schedule. In this process, as a result of using a time selected randomly and scheduling, diversified schedules are generated. In the end, schedule clusters, which are different from one another, get to be made, and nodes on these cluster borders fail to communicate with one another due to an inconsistent listen time. In the existing paper on S-MAC, this problem is solved by placing a border node to adopt schedules which are different from one another. However, compared with other nodes, the border node consumes energy more, and its efficiency of data transmission according to the broadcast type is lower. This paper suggested a method for unifying schedules through the H-SYNC (Heartbeat-SYNC) method for solving such problem of the diversified scheduling of S-MAC, and as a result of comparing and evaluating its performance through simulation, it was found that the border node consumed energy less.

An energy-efficient uni-scheduling based on S-MAC in wireless sensor network

In this study, we defined requirements of ubiquitous environment, which users can monitor and control situations of home anytime, anywhere. In addition we developed and built a model that can be combined with latest home network technologies. Various middleware technologies such as UPnP, JINI and LonWork, were being studied and developed to build home network. However, they still remains in wired environment and can not call or respond service request whenever user wants. But thanks to advancement of mobile technologies, propagation of CDMA mobile devices keep growing and its cost keeps lowering. Therefore, new services which utilize CDMA can be materialized. It has symbolic importance that ubiquitous concept, which can monitor and control home environment by converging home network technologies and mobile communication technologies, can be used to develop a new model. In this paper, we developed control message protocol for SMS(Short Message Service)-HCS(Home Care System) and CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) interface, and embodied with Embedded Linux board which has PCMCIA CDMA modem. SMS-HCS can make a family member to monitor inside-home environment, control home through home network, and it provides security and safety service which can alarm emergency situation immediately.

A SMS based ubiquitous home care system

Research activity in the area of medium-access control protocols of wireless sensor networks (WSN) has grown dramatically in the past few years. A number of MAC protocols are proposed to achieve energy efficiency upon the limitation of WSN which are usually deployed in a special environment, assigned with long-term work, and supported by limited battery. It is found that there is a trade-off between energy efficiency and transmission delay, thus duty cycle of fixed sleep/listening MAC protocols has to be adjusted carefully to achieve the best performance. Taking the challenge to design an adapted listening mechanism, A-MAC is designed to adaptively and dynamically adjust the duty listening time based on traffic load. With A-MAC, it can achieve more power efficiency in low traffic load and much less transmission latency comparing to existing MAC protocols. We simulate A-MAC, and the simulation result shows that A-MAC can significantly prolong the lifetime of network when traffic is low and reduce packet delivery latency.

Adapted listening in wireless sensor network MAC protocol

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