Formaldehyde (HCHO) is considered as a major indoor air pollutant, and may cause serious health problems for humans. Therefore, HCHO needs to be removed from indoor air. Several techniques have been developed for indoor HCHO removal, among which room-temperature HCHO oxidation is the most promising method. To obtain excellent catalytic performance, various well-designed hierarchical catalysts have been fabricated in recent years. In this review, we first summarize the strategies for gaseous HCHO removal with special regard to thermal catalytic oxidation. Then, the major influencing factors affecting the catalytic activities of supported noble metal catalysts are raised and discussed. Finally, we emphasize on hierarchical porous catalysts for room-temperature HCHO oxidation and propose the feasible mechanisms for supported noble metal catalysts. A comprehensive impression of catalysts for HCHO removal may bring a new understanding and opportunity for the design and fabrication of highly efficient and practical hierarchical catalysts for indoor HCHO oxidation.

Room-temperature formaldehyde catalytic decomposition

Indoor pollution of air by formaldehyde poses a serious threat to human health because formaldehyde causes illnesses and discomfort even at low levels, thus calling for abatement techniques. Techniques include absorption, physisorption, chemisorption, biological and botanical filtration, photocatalytic decomposition, membrane separation, plasma and catalytic oxidation. Here we review the principles, performances, advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, with focus on catalytic oxidation, adsorption and the use of nanofibrous membranes. Supported noble metal and metal oxide-based materials are efficient catalysts for oxidation. We present photocatalytic oxidation under UV, visible and solar light using composites. Chemisorption method is reviewed with focus on amino-containing adsorbents, conditions of temperature and relative humidity and surface properties. Nanofibrous membranes display high density of active sites for pollutant interactions and allow formaldehyde removal without leaching out of catalyst nanoparticles or adsorbents.

Indoor formaldehyde removal by catalytic oxidation, adsorption and nanofibrous membranes: a review

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an environmentally friendly biomaterial that is widely investigated because it possesses a unique hierarchical nanofiber network structure as well as extraordinary performance. In this review, the formation of the BC hierarchical nanofiber network structure from the perspective of biosynthesis is illustrated based on its basic chemical and crystal structure. Moreover, the design and processing of BC‐based advanced materials through biosynthesis, physical, and/or chemical modification are also reviewed. The intrinsic characteristics of BC, derived from its hierarchical structure, are analyzed to understand its structure–property–application relationships. The applications of advanced BC‐based materials are reviewed, such as high‐strength structural materials utilizing the properties of nanofibers, energy conversion and storage, bioelectronic interfaces, environmental remediation, and thermal management applications utilizing the ion transport properties and 3D network structures of these materials. In addition, the authors also offer their opinions and potential future research directions for sustainably developing BC‐based materials.

Insights into Hierarchical Structure–Property–Application Relationships of Advanced Bacterial Cellulose Materials

Cellulose-based functional gels and applications in flexible supercapacitors

Controllable fabrication of nanofibrillated cellulose supported HKUST-1 hierarchically porous membranes for highly efficient removal of formaldehyde in air

Polypyrrole/SnCl2 modified bacterial cellulose electrodes with high areal capacitance for flexible supercapacitors.

Bacterial cellulose composites (MXene@TOBC@PPy) for flexible supercapacitors with improved electrochemical performance

Ultralight Ppy@Pva/Bc/Mxene Composite Aerogels for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes and Pressure Sensors

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite nanofiber membranes were prepared by electrostatic spinning, using CMC and PVA as raw materials and glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The structure, morphology, thermal stability, and filtration performance of CMC/PVA nanofiber membranes were characterized by advanced instrumental analysis methods such as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet analysis, and energy spectrum analysis. The results show that the average fiber diameter decreases from 381 nm to 183 nm when the spinning voltage is 23 KV and the jet speed is 2 µL/min. The obtained fiber has the smallest particle size and the most uniform distribution. Infrared spectroscopy analysis confirms that the adsorption behavior of nanofiber membranes on Cu2+ and Cr6+ is chemical adsorption. The retention rates of CMC/PVA nanofiber membranes for Cu2+ and Cr6+ reached 97.2% and 98.8%, respectively. The adsorption capacities of Cu2+ and Cr6+ were 26.34 and 28.93 mg·g−1, respectively. The adsorption of heavy metal ions by nanofiber membranes can be explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic mechanism of the chemisorption process and the Langmuir isotherm model. 

Electrospun Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofiber Membranes for Enhanced Metal Ion Removal

Batteries with extreme mechanical properties are attractive for unique applications. On the soft side, flexible and stretchable batteries are attractive for wide applications, such as health care and flexible electronics. It is challenging to realize high flexibility/stretchability and high energy density simultaneously. In this talk, I will talk about feasible and scalable strategies to fabricate flexible lithium-ion batteries, which can concurrently have high energy density and high mechanical flexibility, including bendability, foldability, twistability and stretchability. Inspired by the structure of animal spine, the vertebrae-like hard segments with multiple layers of conventional anode/separator/cathode stack to offer energy storage are interconnected by the soft components as marrow with the monolayer stack to provide flexibility.
 On the other hand, mechanically strong batteries are also important as they may replace structural components in vehicles and aircrafts for lightweighting. I will discuss a scalable and feasible tree-root-like lamination at the electrode/separator interface, which effectively transfers load between different layers of battery components and thus dramatically enhances the flexural modulus of pouch cells from 0.28 to 3.1 GPa. A graphite/LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 full cell with such interfacial lamination delivers a steady discharge capacity of 148.6 mAh g−1 at C/2 and 95.5% retention after 500 cycles. A prototype of “electric wings” is also demonstrated, which allows an aircraft model to fly steadily.

(Invited) Mechanically Extreme Batteries: From Flexible to Structural

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