▪ Abstract Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1°C colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by produ...

Antifreeze proteins of teleost fishes.

Many marine teleosts have adapted to ice-laden seawater by evolving antifreeze proteins and glycoproteins. These proteins are synthesized in the liver for export to the blood where they circulate a...

Fish antifreeze proteins: physiology and evolutionary biology

The essential features of experiments carried out over the past fifteen years are brought together with new data to formulate a model describing the hormonal regulation of the annual plasma antifreeze polypeptide (AFP) cycle in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). The precise time of onset of antifreeze synthesis in the fall appears to be regulated by photoperiod acting through the central nervous system (CNS) on the pituitary gland. During the summer, growth hormone (GH) blocks transcription of the AFP genes. With the loss of long daylengths in the fall, the CNS inhibits the release of GH allowing AFP gene transcription in the liver to proceed. In the spring GH is again released from the pituitary and AFP gene transcription is blocked.

Hormonal regulation of antifreeze protein gene expression in winter flounder

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0014-5793%2895%2901340-7

Low temperature persistence of type I antifreeze protein is mediated by cold-specific mRNA stability.

The seasonal cycle and regulation by temperature of antifreeze protein mRNA (AF mRNA) were investigated in a Long Island population of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) by Northern blot hybridization and by in vitro translation of liver RNA. AF mRNA was expressed at high levels in the fall and winter (Nov.–Feb.) and at low or undetectable levels in the summer. The time of accumulation of AF mRNA coincides with the time during which water temperature and photoperiod decrease to 4°C and 9 h of light per day, respectively. A temperature and photoperiod decrease in the laboratory during this time also resulted in high levels of AF mRNA. The levels of other mRNAs, as assayed by in vitro translation, were relatively constant during both seasonal acclimation and laboratory acclimation. The seasonal cycle of AF mRNA in Long Island winter flounder is similar to that of a more northern, Newfoundland population of winter flounder and different from that of an intermediate, New Brunswick population. These similarities and dissimilarities are discussed in light of potentially different exogenous and endogenous regulatory cues in the different populations.

Seasonal cycle and regulation by temperature of antifreeze protein mRNA in a Long Island population of winter flounder.

Northern blot hybridization analysis of RNA from fish acclimated to different temperatures revealed that the inducibility of antifreeze protein messenger RNA (AF mRNA) accumulation in winter flounder varies with fish from different seasons. A high accumulation of AF mRNA was observed in fish maintained at 4 C, but not 18 C, during the fall (Oct.-Dec.). This low temperature requirement was specific for AF mRNA, since low temperature was not required for the accumulation of a femalespecific mRNA (mRNA♀). No accumulation of AF mRNA was detected in either cold- or warm-acclimated fish during the spring and summer (Feb.-Aug.), although an effect of temperature on the decline of AF mRNA in females was noted. The synthesis of AF mRNA in vitro was investigated by Northern blot analysis and by hybridization of $^{32}P-labeled$ RNA from liver slices to AF cDNA. This synthesis in vitro also varied with the season. Liver slices from October and January fish synthesized AF mRNA in vitro at 4 C in preference to 18 C, b...

Induction of Winter Flounder Antifreeze Protein Messenger RNA at 4 C in vivo and in vitro

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Induction of Winter Flounder Antifreeze Protein Messenger RNA at 4 C in vivo and in vitro