Principles and practice of infectious diseases

https://myresearchspace.uws.ac.uk/ws/files/11338910/2019_04_29_Burleigh_et_al_Nitrate.pdf

Dietary nitrate supplementation alters the oral microbiome but does not improve the vascular responses to an acute nitrate dose.

Similarly to other non-spore-forming Gram-positive anaerobes, members of the Actinomyces genus are important saprophytic constituents of the normal microbiota of humans. Actinomyces infections are considered to be rare, with cervicofacial infections (also known as ‘lumpy jaw syndrome’) being the most prevalent type in the clinical practice. Actinomycoses are characterized by a slowly progressing (indolent) infection, with non-specific symptoms, and additionally, the clinical presentation of the signs/symptoms can mimic other pathologies, such as solid tumors, active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, nocardiosis, fungal infections, infarctions, and so on. The clinical diagnosis of actinomycosis may be difficult due to its non-specific symptoms and the fastidious, slow-growing nature of the pathogens, requiring an anaerobic atmosphere for primary isolation. Based on 111 references, the aim of this review is to summarize current advances regarding the clinical features, diagnostics, and therapy of cervicofacial Actinomyces infections and act as a paper for dentistry specialists, other physicians, and clinical microbiologists.

Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Cervicofacial Actinomyces Infections: An Overview

We have previously reported that the administration of Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 for 12 weeks reduced stress and anxiety in stressed adults as compared to the placebo group, in association with changes along the brain neurotransmitters pathways of serotonin and dopamine-norepinephrine We now aim to evaluate the effects of DR7 on gut functions, gut microbiota compositional changes, and determine the correlations between microbiota changes and the pathways of brain neurotransmitters The administration of DR7 prevented an increase of defecation frequency over 12 weeks as compared to the placebo (p = 0044), modulating the increase of stress-induced bowel movement Over 12 weeks, alpha diversity of gut microbiota was higher in DR7 than the placebo group across class (p = 0005) and order (p = 0018) levels, while beta diversity differed between groups at class and order levels (p < 0001) Differences in specific bacterial groups were identified, showing consistency at different taxonomic levels that survived multiplicity correction, along the phyla of Bacteroides and Firmicutes and along the classes of Deltaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidia, and Bacteroidales which were reduced in abundance in the placebo group showed opposing correlation with gene expression of dopamine beta hydrolase (DBH, dopamine pathway; p < 0001), while Bacteroidia and Bacteroidales showed correlation with tryptophan hydroxylase-II (TPH2, serotonin pathway; p = 0001) A correlation was observed between DBH and Firmicutes (p = 0002), Clostridia (p < 0001), Clostridiales (p = 0001), Blautia (p < 0001), and Romboutsia (p < 0001), which were increased in abundance in the placebo group Blautia was also associated with TDO (p = 0001), whereas Romboutsia had an opposing correlation with TPH2 (p < 0001) Deltaproteobacteria and Desulfovibrionales which were decreased in abundance in the placebo group showed opposing correlation with DBH (p = 0001), whereas Bilophila was associated with TPH2 (p = 0001) Our present data showed that physiological changes induced by L plantarum DR7 could be associated with changes in specific taxa of the gut microbiota along the serotonin and dopamine pathways

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/13/4608/pdf

Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 Modulated Bowel Movement and Gut Microbiota Associated with Dopamine and Serotonin Pathways in Stressed Adults.

The Actinobacteria phylum is one of the oldest bacterial phyla that have a significant role in medicine and biotechnology. There are a lot of genera in this phylum that are causing various types of infections in humans, animals, and plants. As well as antimicrobial agents that are used in medicine for infections treatment or prevention of infections, they have been discovered of various genera in this phylum. To date, resistance to antibiotics is rising in different regions of the world and this is a global health threat. The main purpose of this review is the molecular evolution of antibiotic resistance in the Actinobacteria phylum.

Antibiotic resistance genes in the Actinobacteria phylum.

Actinomyces are nonmotile, filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria that cause actinomycosis in immunodeficiency patients. Although the prognosis of actinomycosis is good, the diagnosis of actinomycosis is quite difficult. Recent studies on actinomycosis have shown that Actinomyces play an important role in various biological and clinical processes, such as the formation of dental plaque and the degradation of organics in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, the distribution of Actinomyces in the digestive tract, and different biological effects of actinomycosis, and its clinical association with inflammatory diseases are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the most commonly used treatment methods and drugs used to treat Actinomyces infected alimentary canal diseases is presented.

/pdf/actinomyces-and-alimentary-tract-diseases-a-review-of-its-ptro7hoeyn.pdf

Actinomyces and Alimentary Tract Diseases: A Review of Its Biological Functions and Pathology.

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Actinomyces and Alimentary Tract Diseases: A Review of Its Biological Functions and Pathology.