Herein, recent developments of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) structured into nanofibers by electrospinning are summarized, including the fabrication, post-treatment via pyrolysis, properties, and use of the resulting MOF nanofiber architectures. The fabrication and post-treatment of the MOF nanofiber architectures are described systematically by two routes: i) the direct electrospinning of MOF-polymer nanofiber composites, and ii) the surface decoration of nanofiber structures with MOFs. The unique properties and performance of the different types of MOF nanofibers and their derivatives are explained in respect to their use in energy and environmental applications, including air filtration, water treatment, gas storage and separation, electrochemical energy conversion and storage, and heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, challenges with the fabrication of MOF nanofibers, limitations for their use, and trends for future developments are presented.

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Electrospinning of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Energy and Environmental Applications

Progress of nanostructured metal oxides derived from metal–organic frameworks as anode materials for lithium–ion batteries

Recent progress on transition metal oxides as advanced materials for energy conversion and storage

Advances in transition-metal (Zn, Mn, Cu)-based MOFs and their derivatives for anode of lithium-ion batteries

MOF derived metal oxide composites and their applications in energy storage

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are regarded as promising candidates for anodes of lithium ion batteries, but their applications have been severely hindered by poor material conductivity and lithiated volume expansion. As a potential solution, herein is presented a facile approach, by electrospinning a manganese-based metal organic framework (Mn-MOF), to fabricate yolk-shell MnOx nanostructures within carbon nanofibers in a botryoid morphology. While the yolk-shell structure accomodates the lithiated volume expansion of MnOx , the fiber confinement ensures the structural integrity during charge/discharge, achieving a so-called double-buffering for cyclic volume fluctuation. The formation mechanism of the yolk-shell structure is well elucidated through comprehensive instrumental characterizations and cogitative control experiments, following a combined Oswald ripening and Kirkendall process. Outstanding electrochemical performances are demonstrated with prolonged stability over 1000 cycles, boosted by the double-buffering design, as well as the "breathing" effect of lithiation/delithiation witnessed by ex situ imaging. Both the fabrication methodology and electrochemical understandings gained here for nanostructured MnOx can also be extended to other TMOs toward their ultimate implementation in high-performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs).

A Double-Buffering Strategy to Boost the Lithium Storage of Botryoid MnO x /C Anodes.

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A Double-Buffering Strategy to Boost the Lithium Storage of Botryoid MnO x /C Anodes.