Global greenhouse gas emissions can be traced to five economic sectors: energy, industry, buildings, transport and AFOLU (agriculture, forestry and other land uses). In this topical review we synthesize the literature to explain recent trends in global and regional emissions in each of these sectors. To contextualise our review, we present estimates of greenhouse gas emissions trends by sector from 1990 to 2018, describing the major sources of emissions growth, stability and decline across ten global regions. Both the literature and data emphasize limited progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The prominent global pattern is a continuation of underlying drivers with few signs of emerging limits to demand, nor of a deep shift towards the delivery of low and zero carbon services across sectors. We observe a moderate decarbonisation of energy systems in Europe and North America, driven by fuel switching and the increasing penetration of renewables. By contrast, in rapidly industrialising regions, fossil-based energy systems have continuously expanded, only very recently slowing down in their growth. Strong demand for materials, floor area, energy services and travel have driven emissions growth in the industry, buildings and transport sectors, particularly in Eastern Asia, Southern Asia and South-East Asia. An expansion of agriculture into carbon-dense tropical forest areas has driven recent increases in AFOLU emissions in Latin America, South-East Asia and Africa. Identifying, understanding, and tackling the most persistent and climate-damaging trends across sectors is a fundamental concern for research and policy as humanity treads deeper into the Anthropocene.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abee4e/pdf

A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018

Circular Economy (CE) is a sustainable development paradigm that promotes resource efficiency, closed-loop systems, and waste reduction to minimize environmental impacts while fostering economic growth; its popularity is rising at a global scale since the negative effects of linear consumption patterns become more apparent. In this direction, the ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) countries have shown a rising interest in CE due to the region's rapid economic growth and urbanization led to increasing resource consumption and waste generation, which makes CE imperative to safeguard their natural resources and ecosystems. The methodology assessed and compared CE policy documents and academic sources, focusing on excellence and expected impacts, excluding obsolete policies. As the foremost finding, this work provides a comprehensive assessment of the CE strategies comparing the ten ASEAN countries for understanding the current direction of circularity across the region, which is insufficient, although the need for a CE is understood and numerous policy strategies are currently in the work or pending to be approved; Vietnam is the most promising nation for CE implementation. Brunei, Laos, and Myanmar are the most stagnant, while the rest of the countries are progressing adequately. First, this paper introduces the most critical environmental issues across the ASEAN region and briefly describes the concept of CE. Secondly, it assesses the most up-to-date and remarkable CE policies of each nation. Thirdly, it discusses how CE can address their challenges to be catalyzed into opportunities, comparing the ten states considering their CE advancements. This work will be interesting for foreign investors, the general public, Academia, and policymakers. 

Circular economy strategies in the ASEAN region: A comparative study.

Vigorous and well-established nursery seedlings are an important component of sustainable oil palm production. We postulated that Si fertilization at the seedling stage could help to achieve improved performance of oil palm seedlings leading to healthy and vigorous nursery establishment. In this study, we evaluated the growth and physiological responses of oil palm Tenera hybrid seedlings under three Si fertilization treatments and a control including (i) 0 g Ca2SiO4 (T0), (ii) 0.5 g Ca2SiO4 (T1), (iii) 3.5 g Ca2SiO4 (T2), and (iv) 7.0 g Ca2SiO4 (T3) per plant per month. Ca2SiO4 was used as the Si fertilizer source and was applied for four consecutive months. Nondestructive data including stem diameter, plant height, leaf length, photosynthetic rate, leaf angle, and leaf thickness and destructive data including leaf, stem, and root fresh weight and dry weight, as well as chlorophyll a, Si, and nitrogen contents, were recorded before treatment (0 DAT), as well as 60 (60 DAT) and 120 days after treatment (120 DAT). Results indicated that Si fertilization enhanced Si accumulation in oil palm seedlings, and maximum accumulation was observed in the aerial parts especially the leaves with the highest accumulation of 0.89 % dry weight at T3. Higher Si accumulation stimulated the growth of seedlings; a total fresh weight of 834.28 g and a total dry weight of 194.34 g were observed at T3. Chlorophyll a content (0.83 gm−2) and net photosynthetic rate (4.98 µM CO2·m−2·s−1) were also observed at T3. Leaf morphology was not significantly influenced under Si fertilization, whereas the nitrogen content of seedlings was significantly increased. Correlation analysis revealed a highly significant and positive association among Si accumulation, chlorophyll a content, photosynthetic rate, total fresh weight, total dry weight, and nitrogen content of seedlings, indicating that Si fertilization enhanced the performance of these attributes. On the basis of the research evidence, it was concluded that Si fertilization should be considered for improved nutrient management for oil palm seedling and nursery production.

/pdf/beneficial-effects-of-silicon-fertilizer-on-growth-and-1h8ikgb7.pdf

Beneficial Effects of Silicon Fertilizer on Growth and Physiological Responses in Oil Palm

Oil palm reconciliation in Indonesia: Balancing rising demand and environmental conservation towards 2050

Oil palm expansion among non-industrial producers in Cameroon: Potentials for synergy between agro-economic gains and ecological safeguards

Indonesia has been the largest supplier of palm oil since 2007 and now makes around 56% of the global market. While the existing literature paid major attention to the diverse impacts of oil palm plantation on socioeconomic factors and the environment, less is known on the joint role of biophysical and socioeconomic factors in shaping the temporal and spatial dynamics of oil palm expansion. This research investigates how the benefits and costs of converting other land use/cover (LULC) types to oil palm plantation affects the expansion patterns. It employs spatial panel modeling approach to assess the contributions of biophysical and socioeconomic driving factors. The modeling effort focuses on Sumatra and Kalimantan, two islands which have accounted for more than 90% of oil palm expansion in Indonesia since 1990, with Sumatra holding the majority of the country’s plantations and Kalimantan having the highest growth rate since 2000. The results showed that the expansion in Kalimantan was strongly stimulated by export value of palm oil products, took place in areas with better biophysical suitability and infrastructure accessibility, followed the pecking order sequence that the more productive areas had already been taken by the existing agriculture and plantations, and avoided areas with high environmental values or socioeconomic costs. As demand for palm oil continues to grow and land resources becomes more limited, the expansion in Kalimantan will tend to approach the dynamics in Sumatra, with plantation expanding into remote and fertile area with high conversion cost or legal barriers. Bare ground seems to have served as a clearing-up tactic to meet the procedural requirements of oil palm plantation for sustainable development. The research facilitates the improved projection of areas prone to future expansion and the development of strategies to manage the leading drivers of LULC in Indonesia.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abce83/pdf

Biophysical and socioeconomic drivers of oil palm expansion in Indonesia

With the aim of optimizing the allocation of multiple energy sources between parks and cities, particularly addressing the issue of uneven distribution of energy sources in multi-energy parks and the supply relationship of multiple energy sources in urban areas, this research focuses on the electricity system between parks and cities, and introduces the carbon trading mechanism to facilitate the integration of new energy sources for consumption and emission reduction, in the context of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality. To achieve this goal, we develop a bi-objective operation optimization model that minimizes system operating costs and reduces carbon emissions levels, for a multi-energy system with carbon quotas and energy flows between parks and cities. We verify the effectiveness of our proposed configuration scheme, and our results support its correctness and rationality.

Optimal allocation of park-urban multi-energy systems considering carbon trading and energy flow

Land Cover and Land Use Change Trajectory Hopping Facilitates Estate Crop Expansion into Protected Forests in Indonesia

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Biophysical and socioeconomic drivers of oil palm expansion in Indonesia

Oil palm reconciliation in Indonesia: Balancing rising demand and environmental conservation towards 2050

Optimal allocation of park-urban multi-energy systems considering carbon trading and energy flow

Land Cover and Land Use Change Trajectory Hopping Facilitates Estate Crop Expansion into Protected Forests in Indonesia