Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture

ABSTRACT Sustainable management of natural resources is critical to food security. The shrimp feed and fishery sector is expanding rapidly, necessitating the development of alternative sustainable components. Several factors necessitate the exploration of a new source of environmentally friendly and nutrient-rich fish feed ingredients. Microalgal biomass has the potential to support the growth of fish and shrimp aquaculture for global food security in the bio-economy. Algal biorefineries must valorize the whole crop to develop a viable microalgae-based economy. Microalgae have the potential to replace fish meal and fish oil in aquaculture and ensure sustainability standards. Microalgae biomasses provide essential amino acids, valuable triglycerides such as lipids, vitamins, and pigments, making them suitable as nutritional supplements in livestock feed formulations. Fish and microalgae have similar nutritional profiles, and digestibility is a critical aspect of the aquafeed formulation. A highly digestible feed reduces production costs, feed waste, and the risk of eutrophication. Due to low input costs, low carbon footprint, wastewater treatment benefits, and carbon credits from industrial CO2 conversion, microalgae-based fish and shrimp feeds have the potential to provide significant economic benefits. However, several challenges must be addressed before microalgal biomass and bioproducts may be used as fish feeds, including heavy metal bioaccumulation, poor algal biomass digestion, and antinutrient effects. Knowledge of biochemical composition is limited and diverse, and information on nutritional value is scattered or contradictory. This review article presents alternative approaches that could be used in aquaculture to make microalgal biomass a viable alternative to fish meal. graphical abstract

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21655979.2022.2061148?needAccess=true

An overview of microalgae biomass as a sustainable aquaculture feed ingredient: food security and circular economy

Simple Summary Aquaculture is now well-established as a provider of protein for human consumption, and its contribution will be paramount to providing food for a nine billion population in 2050. Protein is usually the major constituent of fish feeds and the most expensive ingredient. For years, fishmeal was the preferential protein source in fish diets, but environmental and economic concerns led to the search for more sustainable proteins. Hence, research on alternative protein sources to fishmeal was fruitful, being firstly directed to terrestrial plant ingredients. Recently, research on novel ingredients, such as insect meals, macroalgae, microalgae, and yeasts, has proliferated. However, the impacts of protein and its constituents (amino acids) go beyond fish growth. Thus, this review will provide knowledge on the impacts of alternative/novel protein sources on fish stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and health. Although some negative impacts of alternative ingredients, for instance, on gut integrity and immune responses have been observed, research results also point to the potential beneficial effects of novel ingredients, such as insect meals, on fish health. This information is essential to the development of innovative diets that guarantee the production of healthy fish with high quality standards and optimised welfare conditions. Abstract Aquaculture has been challenged to find alternative ingredients to develop innovative feed formulations that foster a sustainable future growth. Given the most recent trends in fish feed formulation on the use of alternative protein sources to decrease the dependency of fishmeal, it is fundamental to evaluate the implications of this new paradigm for fish health and welfare. This work intends to comprehensively review the impacts of alternative and novel dietary protein sources on fish gut microbiota and health, stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and antioxidant capacity. The research results indicate that alternative protein sources, such as terrestrial plant proteins, rendered animal by-products, insect meals, micro- and macroalgae, and single cell proteins (e.g., yeasts), may negatively impact gut microbiota and health, thus affecting immune and stress responses. Nevertheless, some of the novel protein sources, such as insects and algae meals, have functional properties and may exert an immunostimulatory activity. Further research on the effects of novel protein sources, beyond growth, is clearly needed. The information gathered here is of utmost importance, in order to develop innovative diets that guarantee the production of healthy fish with high quality standards and optimised welfare conditions, thus contributing to a sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.

/pdf/alternative-proteins-for-fish-diets-implications-beyond-22khmoob.pdf

Alternative Proteins for Fish Diets: Implications beyond Growth

The use of microalgae as aquafeed to replace fish meal for fish/shrimp culture is a very hot topic in aquaculture industry. This work discusses the necessity and importance of use microalgae biomass and bio-products as aquafeed and introduces specific methods to produce microalgae-based aquafeed. In addition, specific effects of microalgae-based aquafeed on the growth, immune response, disease resistance, and pigmentation of aquatic animals are evaluated. Last but not the least, an in-depth discussion of the biosynthesis of high-value components, including astaxanthin, PUFAs, and phycocyanin, in algal cells is provided. Hence, this review paper covers the aspects of microalgae cultivation, high-value components induction, and biomass utilization, demonstrating the essential technologies of applying microalgae as aquafeed and the effects of microalgae-rich diet on aquatic animals. In a real-world application, the use of microalgae biomass and bio-products as aquafeed for aquaculture is challenged by some problems, such as bioaccumulation of heavy metals, poor digestibility of algal biomass, anti-nutritional factors, and high cost of biomass utilization. In this paper, potential solutions to the aforementioned problems are discussed. It is expected that in the coming future, with the improvement of technologies, microalgae biomass can be a promising alternative of fish meal in aquaculture.

The application of microalgae biomass and bio-products as aquafeed for aquaculture

Dietary Tribonema sp. supplementation increased growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity and improved hepatic health in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

A 40-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two filamentous microalgae as feed ingredients on growth performance, tissue fatty acid profiles, pigmentation and immunity of gibel carp (204.83 +/- 2.17 g, mean +/- SD). Three diets (control, Oedocladium sp. and Tribonema sp.) were formulated. In the control diet, no microalgal meal was added and into the Oedocladium and Tribonema diets were added 40 g/kg Oedocladium sp. meal and 50 g/kg Tribonema sp. meal, respectively. Compared to the control, the addition of Oedocladium sp. and Tribonema sp. had significant effects on tissue fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity and immunity without compromising growth, body composition and pigmentation. The addition of Tribonema sp. and Oedocladium sp. significantly increased the EPA, DHA profiles and the ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and simultaneously decreased the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile in fish muscles. Moreover, addition of Tribonema sp. to the diet significantly increased muscle palmitoleic profile and EPA + DHA contents. Furthermore, the addition of either microalga significantly increased the total superoxide dismutase activity level and the complement 3 and immunoglobulin M contents in the plasma. These results demonstrate that Oedocladium sp. and Tribonema sp. can be used as feed ingredients to improve flesh quality and increase the immunity of fish.

Two filamentous microalgae as feed ingredients improved flesh quality and enhanced antioxidant capacity and immunity of the gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jwas.12839

Effects of dietary supplementation with filamentous microalgae (Oedocladium sp. or Tribonema ultriculosum) on growth performance, fillet fatty acid composition, skin pigmentation, and immune response of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

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Two filamentous microalgae as feed ingredients improved flesh quality and enhanced antioxidant capacity and immunity of the gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Effects of dietary supplementation with filamentous microalgae (Oedocladium sp. or Tribonema ultriculosum) on growth performance, fillet fatty acid composition, skin pigmentation, and immune response of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco