Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes mild or moderate febrile illness in humans that may progress to encephalitis, leading to severe long-term complications and sometimes death TBEV is prevalent in the Eurasian continent and has been isolated in China, Japan and Republic of Korea (ROK) The TBEV isolates from Japan are of the Far-Eastern subtype; in ROK, the isolates are of the Western subtype; and all TBEV isolates in China are of the Far-Eastern subtype, except one strain that was identified most recently as the Siberian subtype TBE is endemic to the northeast, northwest and southeast of China; only two confirmed TBE cases have been reported in Japan to date; and no TBE case has been confirmed in ROK For TBE patients in China, the onset of disease is acute with no biphasic course for disease presentation The clinical spectrum of disease phenotypes may be wider than currently understood, since serological evidence suggests the presence of TBEV infections in healthy people, indicating that asymptomatic or unspecific manifestations of TBEV infection may exist The current treatment for TBE is supportive care In China, vaccines against TBEV have been developed and are available with demonstrated immunogenicity and safety, although efficacy data are lacking No vaccines are available in ROK or Japan

Tick-borne encephalitis in Japan, Republic of Korea and China.

Immuno-pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica and emerging therapies

Japanese encephalitis (JE), a viral disease transmitted by Culex mosquitos, is one of the major global health threats with three billion of the world’s population living in at risk JE-endemic areas. Most JE infections are asymptomatic, but when clinical neuroinvasive disease does ensue, mortality can be as high as 30% with 20–30% permanent morbidity among survivors. The recommended confirmation test is JE IgM in CSF (preferred) or serum with limitations of dengue cross-reactivity and fair sensitivity.

Challenges in the Management and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis

Abstract We aimed to compare longitudinal brain atrophy in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with healthy controls (HCs). The atrophy rate in patients with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD (AQP4 + NMOSD) was compared with age-sex-matched HCs recruited from the Japanese Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study and another study performed at Chiba University. Twenty-nine patients with AQP4 + NMOSD and 29 HCs were enrolled in the study. The time between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans was longer in the AQP4 + NMOSD group compared with the HCs (median; 3.2 vs. 2.9 years, P = 0.009). The annualized normalized white matter volume (NWV) atrophy rate was higher in the AQP4 + NMOSD group compared with the HCs (median; 0.37 vs. − 0.14, P = 0.018). The maximum spinal cord lesion length negatively correlated with NWV at baseline MRI in patients with AQP4 + NMOSD (Spearman’s rho = − 0.41, P = 0.027). The annualized NWV atrophy rate negatively correlated with the time between initiation of persistent prednisolone usage and baseline MRI in patients with AQP4 + NMOSD (Spearman’s rho = − 0.43, P = 0.019). Patients with AQP4 + NMOSD had a greater annualized NWV atrophy rate than HCs. Suppressing disease activity may prevent brain atrophy in patients with AQP4 + NMOSD. 

Higher longitudinal brain white matter atrophy rate in aquaporin-4 IgG-positive NMOSD compared with healthy controls

The nationwide introduction of a Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine has contributed to a reduction in the annual infection rate of JE in Japan. However, the current neutralizing antibody prevalence ratio in Japan is approximately 20% in children 3-4 years of age and in people in their forties and fifties. We herein report a man with JE who was definitively diagnosed by multi-virus real-time polymerase chain reaction employing biopsied brain tissue and serological examinations. JE should be kept in mind when a patient has severe encephalitis of unknown etiology. In order to protect the susceptible population from JE, vaccination is recommended, especially for children and middle-aged people.

Knowledge Obtained from an Elderly Case of Japanese Encephalitis.

Persistent microscopic active inflammatory lesions in the central nervous system of a patient with neuromyelitis optica treated with oral prednisolone for more than 40 years

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Knowledge Obtained from an Elderly Case of Japanese Encephalitis.

Persistent microscopic active inflammatory lesions in the central nervous system of a patient with neuromyelitis optica treated with oral prednisolone for more than 40 years