An attempt to find a suitable place for soil moisture sensor in a drip irrigation system

Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy allows for the detection of local patterns of forest soil properties. In combination with dendrometric data, it may be used as a prospective tool for determining soil heterogeneity before setting up long-term forest monitoring experiments.
 Forest soils and stands generally exhibit higher spatial heterogeneity than other terrestrial ecosystems. This variability needs be taken into account before setting up long-term forest monitoring experiments to avoid multiple interactions between local heterogeneity and the factors tested in the experiment. We hypothesized that raw near- and mid-infrared spectra can be used as an integrated proxy of a large set of soil properties. The use of this method, in combination with dendrometric data, should provide a quick and cost-effective tool for optimizing the design of experimental forest sites. We assessed the local soil heterogeneity at 11 experimental sites in oak and beech stands, which belong to a new forest long-term ecological research (LTER) network. We used near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy in soil and litter samples. The spectra were subjected to principal components analyses (PCA) to determine the intra-site variability of the soil and litter layers. Based on mapped PCA coordinates and basic dendrometric data, it was possible to design the experiment and minimize the interactions between the treatment layout and the tested variables. The method was validated with chemical analyses of the soil. No interaction was detected at the set-up of the experiment between the treatment layout and chemical soil properties (C, N, C/N ratio, pH, CEC, Al, Mg, P2O5, Fe, Mn, Na, and K). Near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is a useful tool for characterizing the overall heterogeneity of soil chemical properties. It can be used without any preliminary calibration. In combination with dendrometric data, it provides a reliable method for optimizing LTER plots in different types of ecosystems.

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Improving the design of long-term monitoring experiments in forests: a new method for the assessment of local soil variability by combining infrared spectroscopy and dendrometric data

This experiment was conducted from April to September in 2009 in Baotou-lake Farm of Korla city, Xinjiang region, China Two experiment schemes were designed for analyzing the spatial variability and lateral orientation of monitoring points for soil moisture In scheme 1, 44 monitoring points were positioned with sampling depth of 0~60cm In scheme 2, 20 monitoring points were placed with sampling depth of 0~80cm Samples were taken in the whole cotton growing period before and after irrigation in both schemes Statistical analyses including Q-Q test, descriptive statistics, t-test and geo-statistical analysis were performed to the soil moisture data The results indicate that the increase of soil moisture can enhance their spatial variability In drip-irrigated cotton cultivation, spatial variability of soil moisture resulted from the combination of several random variables and the structural factors such as climate, topography, soil form Semi-variogram models belong to spherical model and the range of spherical model for soil moisture is about 940m~3535m The accuracy of the fitted model decreases as the soil moisture content increases The monitoring points should be placed at the range of 0~0475m from the drip tape and it is not suitable to place them at a farther place It can be concluded that it is best to position the monitoring points at outward cotton row in consideration of management and soil moisture monitoring The outcome of this study can be used for the proper design and placement of monitoring points for soil moisture

/pdf/spatial-variability-and-lateral-location-of-soil-moisture-4h2phtjbfq.pdf

Spatial Variability and Lateral Location of Soil Moisture Monitoring Points on Cotton Mulched Drip Irrigation Field

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Spatial Variability and Lateral Location of Soil Moisture Monitoring Points on Cotton Mulched Drip Irrigation Field