Endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidants in the human body.

Elevated serum uric acid concentration is a common laboratory finding in subjects with metabolic syndrome/obesity, hypertension, kidney disease and cardiovascular events. Hyperuricemia has been attributed to hyperinsulinemia in metabolic syndrome and to decreased uric acid excretion in kidney dysfunction, and is not acknowledged as a main mediator of metabolic syndrome, renal disease, and cardiovascular disorder development. However, more recent investigations have altered this traditional view and shown, by providing compelling evidence, to support an independent link between hyperuricemia and increased risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease and cardiovascular disorders. However, despite these new findings, controversy regarding the exact role of uric acid in inducing these diseases remains to be unfolded. Furthermore, recent data suggest that the high-fructose diet in the United State, as a major cause of hyperuricemia, may be contributing to the metabolic syndrome/obesity epidemic, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease and cardiovascular disorder. Our focus in this review is to discuss the available evidence supporting a role for uric acid in the development of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, renal disease, and cardiovascular disorder; and the potential pathophysiology mechanisms involved.

/pdf/potential-role-of-uric-acid-in-metabolic-syndrome-2iilv33qmz.pdf

Potential role of uric acid in metabolic syndrome, hypertension, kidney injury, and cardiovascular diseases: is it time for reappraisal?

Although motor deficits are gaining attention in autism research much less attention has been paid to the physical activity patterns in this group of children. The participants in this study were a group of children with autism spectrum disorder (N = 72) between the ages of 9-18 years. This cross-sectional study explored the physical activity patterns of seventy-two children with autism spectrum disorder as they aged. Results indicated significant differences between the mean time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity and the mean time spent in sedentary activity. Older children with autism spectrum disorder are significantly more physically inactive, compared to younger children. Physical activity programs and interventions need to address this deficit, in physical activity. Children with autism have a similar trend in physical activity patterns compared to their peers without autism; associated benefits and future research will be discussed.

/pdf/the-physical-activity-patterns-of-children-with-autism-3gm6jyfvrr.pdf

The physical activity patterns of children with autism

Management of Gout and Hyperuricemia in CKD.

Allopurinol is the primary therapy for the management of chronic gout. Utilization of allopurinol has increased in tandem with the growing prevalence of gout globally. This exposes more patients to the risk of allopurinol hypersensitivity (AH), a rare adverse reaction characterised by a spectrum of cutaneous reactions and systemic manifestations. Severe forms of AH have been associated with high mortality. The pathophysiology underlying this reaction remains unknown, but several risk factors have been proposed. The aim of this study was to review all published cases of AH documented in the literature in order to better understand the constellation of factors predisposing to this reaction, building on previous reviews by Lupton and Odom [163], Singer and Wallace [8]) and Arellano and Sacristan [9]). A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify relevant articles published between January 1950 and December 2012, with no language restrictions imposed. Articles that were included reported either allopurinol-induced cutaneous manifestations alone or satisfied the diagnostic criteria for AH as defined by Singer and Wallace. Nine hundred and one patients (overall AH cohort) were identified from 320 publications. Of these patients, 802 satisfied the Singer and Wallace criteria (‘Singer and Wallace’ cohort) while 99 patients had only mild cutaneous manifestations (‘non-Singer and Wallace’ cohort). Data were often incomplete; hence the results reported reflect the fractions of the subsets of the cohort where the data in question were available. In the overall AH cohort, 58 % (416/722) were male. The majority (73 %; 430/590) of patients were Asian. Renal impairment (48 %; 182/376) and hypertension (42 %; 160/376) were the most common chronic conditions; accordingly, diuretics (45 %; 114/252) and antihypertensives (39 %; 99/252) were the most prevalent concomitant medications. Allopurinol was prescribed for approved indications (chronic gout and chemoprophylaxis) in only 40 % (186/464) of patients. The median allopurinol dose was 300 mg/day (range 10–1,000 mg/day) and was taken by 50 % (168/338). There was no significant association between a higher dose (>300 mg/day) and an increased risk of severe cutaneous manifestations [odds ratio (OR) 1.76; 95 % CI 0.73–4.22; p = 0.23]. Approximately 90 % (489/538) of patients developed AH within 60 days of initiating allopurinol therapy. Serum oxypurinol (the active metabolite of allopurinol) concentration was only recorded in six patients, four of whom had levels within the putative therapeutic range of 30–100 μmol/L. The HLA-B*5801 allele was present in 99 % (166/167) of patients tested, with the majority (147/166) being of Asian ancestry. The all-cause mortality rate was 14 % (109/788) with 94 AH-related deaths, all of which occurred in the cohort meeting the Singer and Wallace criteria. The publications included in this review utilized different laboratory reference ranges to classify the non-cutaneous manifestations of AH; this may have introduced some variation in the cases identified as AH. A majority of the articles included in this analysis consisted of case reports and series—publication types that are not recognized as best-quality evidence; this thus limited the conclusions we could draw about the many risk factors we were interested in evaluating. Risk factors associated with AH, such as concomitant diuretic use, pre-existing renal impairment and recent initiation of allopurinol, were commonly present in AH patients; however, their role in the mechanism of AH remains to be established. A clear risk factor was the HLA-B*5801 status; this was especially relevant in Asian populations where there is a higher carriage rate of the allele. High allopurinol dose, previously suggested to be a risk factor, was not confirmed as such. The paucity of well-documented case reports and studies of AH render it difficult to draw more concrete conclusions or construct a meticulous profile of patients at risk of AH. Future case reports of AH need to be better documented to contribute to understanding the risks for, and mechanisms of, AH.

Allopurinol hypersensitivity: a systematic review of all published cases, 1950-2012.

Objective. The relationship among serum uric acid (SUA), metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear. We examined whether SUA level is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease and whether the association between SUA and metabolic syndrome is affected by kidney function.

Methods. We analyzed 28,745 subjects (17,478 men, 11,267 women, age 20–49 yrs) who underwent health examinations at this hospital between 2000 and 2007. Hyperuricemia was defined as SUA level > 7.7 mg/dl in men or > 6.6 mg/dl in women. Kidney function was assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation modified for Chinese subjects. Impaired renal function with low GFR was defined as eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2. The UA-low GFR groups were defined according to the observed combination of hyperuricemia and low GFR: Group A (absence of both hyperuricemia and low GFR); Group B (presence of low GFR but no hyperuricemia); Group C (presence of hyperuricemia but not low GFR); and Group D (presence of both hyperuricemia and low GFR).

Results. The prevalence of hyperuricemia, metabolic syndrome, and impaired kidney function with low GFR was 20.3% (27.6% in men, 8.9% in women), 7.6% (10.6% in men, 3.0% in women), and 9.9% (11.6% in men, 7.1% in women), respectively. The Pearson correlation between SUA and eGFR was only −0.26 (−0.21 in men, −0.22 in women; p < 0.001). In men, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome was 1.41 (Group B), 2.45 (Group C), and 2.58 (Group D) in comparison with Group A. In women, the age-adjusted OR of metabolic syndrome was 0.83 (Group B), 5.47 (Group C), and 3.31 (Group D) in comparison with Group A.

Conclusion. Hyperuricemia is prevalent in the Taiwan population. Hyperuricemia is only weakly associated with renal function, but is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome with or without a low eGFR.

https://www.jrheum.org/content/jrheum/36/8/1691.full.pdf

Serum uric acid is independently associated with metabolic syndrome in subjects with and without a low estimated glomerular filtration rate.

The effects of serum uric acid (SUA) and metabolic syndrome on chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain controversial. This study grouped subjects according to a combination of their uric acid and metabolic syndrome status and investigated the association between these groups and CKD to clarify the relationships of SUA and metabolic syndrome to CKD. This survey analyzed data from 81,799 adults (45,148 men and 36,651 women) who underwent health examinations at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, in northern Taiwan, from 2000 through 2007. Hyperuricemia was defined as an SUA greater than 7.7 mg/dL in men or greater than 6.6 mg/dL in women. Patients were classified by uric acid–metabolic syndrome status as follows: A = no hyperuricemia and no metabolic syndrome, B = presence of metabolic syndrome but not hyperuricemia, C = presence of hyperuricemia but no metabolic syndrome, and D = presence of both hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome. Kidney function was assessed in terms of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation modified for Chinese. CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The prevalences of hyperuricemia, metabolic syndrome, and CKD were 22.8% (26.3% in men and 18.6% in women), 13.5% (15.0% in men and 11.6% in women), and 2.2% (2.1% in men and 2.2% in women), respectively. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratios for CKD, with group A as reference, were 1.95 for group B, 4.86 for group C, and 5.85 for group D. In women, the age-adjusted odds ratios were 1.96 for group B, 6.66 for group C, and 9.01 for group D. Hyperuricemia is strongly associated with CKD, independent of the presence of metabolic syndrome.

Hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome: associations with chronic kidney disease

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Yu-Ming Chen

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Serum uric acid is independently associated with metabolic syndrome in subjects with and without a low estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome: associations with chronic kidney disease