The effects of air pollution on health have been generating attention for years. A large number of pulmonologists have recently expressed concerns about this in an open letter to Dutch Members of Parliament. Air pollution arises mainly in all kinds of combustion processes; in addition, atmospheric chemical reactions play a role in the formation of ozone and particulate matter. Health effects are both acute (increase in daily mortality and morbidity after days with increased concentrations of air pollution) as well as chronic (shortened life span and increased incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in areas with elevated concentrations of air pollution). These effects already occur at concentrations that are clearly lower than those currently observed in the Netherlands.

Air pollution and health

Background Polysaccharides, a major class of biomacromolecules, are known as ideal raw food supplements for health food due to their few side effects. Meanwhile, they are often used to change physicochemical and textural properties of food products in food industries. Carboxymethylation processing is increasingly used in the modifications of polysaccharide functionalities. Carboxymethylation introduces carboxymethyl functional groups into polysaccharides, which causes changes in the physicochemical properties and structure of polysaccharides, thus improving and even adding new bioactivities of polysaccharides for food applications. Scope and approach The review summarizes the recent progress about carboxymethylated polysaccharides, including i) synthetic methods, ii) structural characterization, iii) related bioactivities and structure-activity relationships, iv) mechanisms of action bioactivities, and v) food applications and safety evaluation. Key findings and conclusions Structure of polysaccharides was changed after carboxymethylation, leading to the changes of their physicochemical and biological properties. Their bioactivities rely not only on the source of the polysaccharide but also on chemical structural features, such as degree of substitution, which was influenced by reagent concentration, reaction, solvent temperature of carboxymethylation. The carboxymethylated polysaccharides have been used in various fields of food application, such as food auxiliary agents, food packaging, carrier of food bioactive ingredients, sensors for analysis of food, functional food. Overall, Carboxymethylation has great potential to be used in food industries for improved functionalities of polysaccharides.

Structure, function and food applications of carboxymethylated polysaccharides: A comprehensive review

Effects of different extraction methods on the structural, antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of red pitaya stem polysaccharide.

Degradation of blue honeysuckle polysaccharides, structural characteristics and antiglycation and hypoglycemic activities of degraded products.

Mushrooms have a long history of uses for their medicinal and nutritional properties. They have been consumed by people for thousands of years. Edible mushrooms are collected in the wild or cultivated worldwide. Recently, mushroom extracts and their secondary metabolites have acquired considerable attention due to their biological effects, which include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. Thus, in addition to phytochemists, nutritionists and consumers are now deeply interested in the phytochemical constituents of mushrooms, which provide beneficial effects to humans in terms of health promotion and reduction of disease-related risks. In recent years, scientific reports on the nutritional, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of mushroom have been overwhelming. However, the bioactive compounds and biological properties of wild edible mushrooms growing in Southeast Asian countries have been rarely described. In this review, the bioactive compounds isolated from 25 selected wild edible mushrooms growing in Southeast Asia have been reviewed, together with their biological activities. Phytoconstituents with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities have been highlighted. Several evidences indicate that mushrooms are good sources for natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/8/1972/pdf

Bioactive Phytochemical Constituents of Wild Edible Mushrooms from Southeast Asia.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Morchella esculenta polysaccharide and its derivatives in fine particulate matter-treated NR8383 cells.

Immunoenhancement effect of crude polysaccharides of Helvella leucopus on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mice

Two new polysaccharide fractions (TZP1-1 and TZP2-1) were obtained from the fruiting bodies of Thelephora ganbajun using DEAE-52 cellulose and Superdex 200 columns chromatography. The physiochemical characterization and biological activities of TZP1-1 and TZP2-1 were investigated. The relative molecular weight of TZP1-1 and TZP2-1 were 2.07 × 106 and 4,886 Da, respectively. TZP1-1 included mannose, rhamnose, galactose, and xylose (4:1:83.9:7.5), while TZP2-1 included mannose, glucose, galactose, and xylose (5.4:1:79.0:8.1). The Congo red experiment results confirmed that TZP2-1 had triple helix conformation. Furthermore, both TZP1-1 and TZP2-1 showed a certain cytotoxicity on HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells, while they exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on HeLa than SH-SY5Y. Besides, the cytotoxicity of TZP1-1 was better than that of TZP2-1. Moreover, both of them exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. These findings could promote the application of polysaccharides from T. ganbajun. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Thelephora ganbajun is an edible fungus widely distributed in Southwestern China. T. ganbajun polysaccharides as important active ingredients have not been reported. In this current study, two polysaccharides fractions (TZP1-1 and TZP2-1) were characterized, and their cytotoxicities and antidiabetic effect were also assayed. These findings could promote polysaccharides from T. ganbajun to be better application.

Purification, characterization, and bioactivity of two new polysaccharide fractions from Thelephora ganbajun mushroom

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Anti-inflammatory effects of Morchella esculenta polysaccharide and its derivatives in fine particulate matter-treated NR8383 cells.

Immunoenhancement effect of crude polysaccharides of Helvella leucopus on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mice

Purification, characterization, and bioactivity of two new polysaccharide fractions from Thelephora ganbajun mushroom