Abstract Virtual reality has great potential to enable remote collaborative work from anywhere in the world. Developing virtual reality into a platform suitable for natural interaction and immersive collaboration requires the experience to be reliably stable. For a networked collaborative environment, perceived smoothness of motion is limited by the tick rate, that is, the frequency at which information is distributed. As tick rate increases, motion will appear increasingly smooth; however, excessive tick rates may introduce additional load on a network without any perceptible benefit to a user. This paper details two visual psychophysics experiments ( $$N_1 = 16$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>16</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , $$N_2 = 11$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) carried out to evaluate participant sensitivity to tick rate in virtual reality. The influence of three variables, velocity, complexity, and digital medium were investigated. Both velocity and digital medium displayed a significant effect, whilst complexity did not show significance. A model was then built and validated from the results of these experiments. The model predicts for average walking speed within the desktop condition, that 90% of the population will perceive motion to be smooth at 56 Hz, whilst this 90% threshold lies at 113 Hz for the VR condition. This model can predict participant perception of tick rate under given conditions, enabling networks to intelligently optimise participant experience without adding unnecessary further load on the network. 

/pdf/perception-based-high-quality-distributed-virtual-reality-fcg25hp3.pdf

Perception-based high quality distributed virtual reality

Virtual Reality technology has gained prominence in higher education as a potential tool to enhance student engagement and learning experiences. This study examines the impact of Virtual Reality technology on student engagement and learning outcomes in higher education settings. Through a qualitative approach, a systematic review of recent studies between 2013 and 2023 were assessed to uncover how the integration of Virtual Reality technology in various courses affected students' motivation, comprehension, and retention of complex concepts. Preliminary findings suggest that students exposed to Virtual Reality-enhanced learning experiences exhibit higher levels of engagement, improved understanding of abstract subjects, and increased retention rates. This research contributes to our understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of integrating Virtual Reality technology into higher education and provides insights into effective pedagogical strategies for its implementation. 

The Impact of Virtual Reality Technology on Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes in Higher Education

Virtual Reality headsets enable users to explore the environment by performing self-induced movements. The retinal velocity produced by such motion reduces the visual system’s ability to resolve ﬁne detail. We measured the impact of self-induced head rotations on the ability to detect quality changes of a realistic 3D model in an immersive virtual reality environment. We varied the Level-of-Detail (LOD) as a function of rotational head velocity with different degrees of severity. Using a psychophysical method, we asked 17 participants to identify which of the two presented intervals contained the higher quality model under two different maximum velocity conditions. After ﬁtting psychometric functions to data relating the percentage of correct responses to the aggressiveness of LOD manipulations, we identiﬁed the threshold severity for which participants could reliably (75%) detect the lower LOD model. Participants accepted an approximately four-fold LOD reduction even in the low maximum velocity condition without a signiﬁcant impact on perceived quality, which suggests that there is considerable potential for optimisation when users are moving (increased range of perceptual uncertainty). Moreover, LOD could be degraded signiﬁcantly more in the maximum head velocity condition, suggesting these effects are indeed speed dependent.

Velocity-Based LOD Reduction in Virtual Reality: A Psychometric Approach

Virtual Reality headsets enable users to explore the environment by performing self-induced movements. The retinal velocity produced by such motion reduces the visual system’s ability to resolve fine detail. We measured the impact of self-induced head rotations on the ability to detect quality changes of a realistic 3D model in an immersive virtual reality environment. We varied the Level of Detail (LOD) as a function of rotational head velocity with different degrees of severity. Using a psychophysical method, we asked 17 participants to identify which of the two presented intervals contained the higher quality model under two different maximum velocity conditions. After fitting psychometric functions to data relating the percentage of correct responses to the aggressiveness of LOD manipulations, we identified the threshold severity for which participants could reliably (75%) detect the lower LOD model. Participants accepted an approximately four-fold LOD reduction even in the low maximum velocity condition without a significant impact on perceived quality, suggesting that there is considerable potential for optimisation when users are moving (increased range of perceptual uncertainty). Moreover, LOD could be degraded significantly more (around 84%) in the maximum head velocity condition, suggesting these effects are indeed speed-dependent. CCS Concepts • Computing methodologies → Perception; Virtual reality;

pdf/velocity-based-lod-reduction-in-virtual-reality-a-14t0dk4f.pdf

Velocity-Based LOD Reduction in Virtual Reality: A Psychophysical Approach

Using immersive virtual reality (the HTC Vive Head Mounted Display), we measured both bias and sensitivity when making judgements about the scene stability of a target object during both active (self-propelled) and passive (experimenter-propelled) observer movements. This was repeated in the same group of 16 participants for three different observer-target movement conditions in which the instability of a target was yoked to the movement of the observer. We found that in all movement conditions that the target needed to move with (in the same direction) as the participant to be perceived as scene-stable. Consistent with the presence of additional available information (efference copy) about self-movement during active conditions, biases were smaller and sensitivities to instability were higher in these relative to passive conditions. However, the presence of efference copy was clearly not sufficient to completely eliminate the bias and we suggest that the presence of additional visual information about self-movement is also critical. We found some (albeit limited) evidence for correlation between appropriate metrics across different movement conditions. These results extend previous findings, providing evidence for consistency of biases across different movement types, suggestive of common processing underpinning perceptual stability judgements.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/03010066221116480

Investigating distortions in perceptual stability during different self-movements using virtual reality

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Investigating distortions in perceptual stability during different self-movements using virtual reality