Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a hydrophilic polymer widely employed as a carrier in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and nutraceutical fields. Up to now, several PVP-based systems have been developed to deliver different active principles, of both natural and synthetic origin. Various formulations and morphologies have been proposed using PVP, including microparticles and nanoparticles, fibers, hydrogels, tablets, and films. Its versatility and peculiar properties make PVP one of the most suitable and promising polymers for the development of new pharmaceutical forms. This review highlights the role of PVP in drug delivery, focusing on the different morphologies proposed for different polymer/active compound formulations. It also provides detailed information on active principles and used technologies, optimized process parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and final applications.

The Use of Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) in the Delivery of Drugs: A Review

Current strategies of tissue engineering are focused on the reconstruction and regeneration of damaged or deformed tissues by grafting of cells with scaffolds and biomolecules. Recently, mu...

Design and fabrication of porous biodegradable scaffolds: a strategy for tissue engineering

Scaffolding polymeric biomaterials: Are naturally occurring biological macromolecules more appropriate for tissue engineering?

Recently, with the increased attention to indoor air quality, antimicrobial air filtration techniques have been studied widely to inactivate hazardous airborne microorganisms effectively. In this study, we demonstrate herbal extract incorporated (HEI) nanofibers synthesized by an electrospinning technique and their application to antimicrobial air filtration. As an antimicrobial herbal material, an ethanolic extract of Sophora flavescens, which exhibits great antibacterial activity against pathogens, was mixed with the polymer solution for the electrospinning process. We measured various characteristics of the synthesized HEI nanofibers, such as fiber morphology, fiber size distribution, and thermal stability. For application of the electrospun HEI nanofibers, we made highly effective air filters with 99.99% filtration efficiency and 99.98% antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The pressure drop across the HEI nanofiber air filter was 4.75 mmH2O at a face air velocity of 1.79 cm/s. These results will facilitate the implementation of electrospun HEI nanofiber techniques to control air quality and protect against hazardous airborne microorganisms.

Herbal Extract Incorporated Nanofiber Fabricated by an Electrospinning Technique and its Application to Antimicrobial Air Filtration.

Highly aligned nanocomposite scaffolds by electrospinning and electrospraying for neural tissue regeneration.

Currently, one of the main drawbacks of using poly(e-caprolactone) in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields is represented by its low biodegradation rate. To overcome this limitation, electrospinning of PCL blended with a water-soluble poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) was used to fabricate scaffolds with tunable fiber surface morphology and controllable degradation rates. Electrospun scaffolds revealed a highly immiscible blend state. The incorporated PVP phase was dispersed as inclusions within the electrospun fibers, and then easily extracted by immersing them in cell culture medium, exhibiting nanoporosity on the fiber surface. As a striking result, nanoporosity facilitated not only fiber biodegradation rates, but also improved cell attachment and spreading on the blend electrospun scaffolds. The present findings demonstrate that simultaneous electrospinning technique for PCL with water-soluble PVP provides important insights for successful tuning biodegradation rate for the PCL electrospun scaffolds but not limited to expand other high valuable biocompatible polymers for the future biomedical applications, ranging from tissue regeneration to controlled drug delivery.

Electrospinning of PCL/PVP blends for tissue engineering scaffolds

This study demonstrated the effect of tailored electrospun scaffolds of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and its blending with water-soluble poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) on dynamics of adhesion and motility of adipose-derived stem cells. We produced PCL and PCL/PVP electrospun scaffolds with circular hole pattern to create variation of fiber density (low and high density area). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that PCL/PVP scaffolds had nano-scale pores on the surface of fibers (nanoporisity) due to PVP extraction. The nanoporosity of PCL/PVP scaffolds showed the increase in water contact angle and the decrease in cell adhesion and proliferation compared to PCL alone scaffolds. PCL alone scaffolds supported cell attachment, exhibiting large spread area and low circularity during 24 h. In addition, the expressions of vinculin, F-actin and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase increased in the cells on PCL scaffolds. In order to determine the effect of PCL scaffold with different fiber density on cell motility, we performed single-cell tracking experiments with time-lapse microscopy. In high fiber density area of PCL scaffolds, cells migrated slowly and directionally in a fiber-independent manner. On the other hand, cells in low fiber density moved fast and fiber-dependently, suggesting that large pore size of scaffolds from low fiber density allow cells to migrate or infiltrate inside the scaffolds. Thus, we demonstrated that the nano/microstructural morphological cues of the scaffolds, e.g. nanoporosity of fibers and fiber density and thus porosity, plays a key role in possible targets to regulate cell behaviors, suggesting that well-tailored electrospun scaffolds with desired composition and fiber density are required for a potential means for application in tissue engineering.

Morphological Cues for Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Motility with Tailored Electrospun Scaffolds of PCL and PCL/PVP Blends

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Electrospinning of PCL/PVP blends for tissue engineering scaffolds

Morphological Cues for Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Motility with Tailored Electrospun Scaffolds of PCL and PCL/PVP Blends