Microwave based technology is an alternative heating method and has already been successfully used in biomass pyrolysis for biochar and biofuel production thanks to its fast, volumetric, selective and efficient heating. Previous review mainly focused on production and analysis of bio-oil and gas instead of biochar. The current paper provides a review of microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MWP) of biomass and its biochar characteristics, including product distribution and biochar yield, biochar properties, microwave absorbers (MWAs) and catalysts commonly used in MWP, as well as comparison of biochar derived from MWP and conventional pyrolysis (CP). MWAs not only absorb microwave energy, they also act as catalysts to interact with gas, vapor and solids in the reactor, adjusting the product distribution and quality of products. It was reported for MWP that the highest biochar yield was >60 wt% and the maximum BET surface area was about 450–800 m2/g. Technology status and economics of MWP of biomass in China were briefly introduced. The Optimization of yield and quality of biochar strongly depends on feedstock properties, reactor types, operating parameters, MWAs and catalysts added to the system.

Biochar from microwave pyrolysis of biomass: A review

Effects of microwave-assisted pyrolysis on the microstructure of bituminous coals

A fully coupled electromagnetic, heat transfer and multiphase porous media model for microwave heating of coal

Sensitivity analysis on the microwave heating of coal: A coupled electromagnetic and heat transfer model

Separation and structural characterization of the value-added chemicals from mild degradation of lignites: A review

Microwave pyrolysis of an Indonesian lignite is investigated in this study. The effects of experimental parameters, such as microwave receptor/coal ratio, residence time, temperature, microwave pow...

Experimental Study on Microwave Pyrolysis of an Indonesian Low-Rank Coal

A comprehensive overview of coal oxidation methods under mild conditions is provided, including oxidation with oxygen, ozone, ruthenium ion catalysis, oxidizing acid, electrolysis, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide. The changes in chemical structure of coal during oxidation, the mechanism of different types of oxidation methods, and the possible applications of oxidation products are summarized. Comparison of these oxidation methods demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite oxidation of coal under mild conditions are the most suitable methods to study the molecular structure of coal and to obtain high-value organic chemicals. Applications of different analytical techniques for determination and quantification of products and coal structures are also reviewed.

Coal Oxidation under Mild Conditions: Current Status and Applications

Effects of kaolinite addition on the thermoplastic behaviour of coking coal during low temperature pyrolysis

Solvent extraction of Chinese lignite and chemical structure changes of the residue during H2O2 oxidation

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Papers

Experimental Study on Microwave Pyrolysis of an Indonesian Low-Rank Coal

Coal Oxidation under Mild Conditions: Current Status and Applications

Effects of kaolinite addition on the thermoplastic behaviour of coking coal during low temperature pyrolysis

Solvent extraction of Chinese lignite and chemical structure changes of the residue during H2O2 oxidation