Air-Breathing Aqueous Sulfur Flow Battery for Ultralow-Cost Long-Duration Electrical Storage

Recovery of alkali, selenium and arsenic from antimony smelting arsenic-alkali residue

The solubilities of sodium p-toluenesulfonate (NaPTS), sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), and sodium p-methylphenoxide (NaCRS) in aqueous NaOH solutions and Na2SO3 in aqueous ethanol solutions were investigated using a dynamic method over the temperature range from 277 to 341 K at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results showed that the solubilities of NaPTS, Na2SO3, and NaCRS in aqueous NaOH solutions and Na2SO3 in aqueous ethanol solutions decreased distinctly with the solute-free mass fraction of NaOH (w40) and ethanol (w50). Further, there were obvious transition points in the solubility–temperature curves of NaPTS and Na2SO3 in aqueous NaOH solutions, and the transition points shifted to lower temperature as w40 rose. The forming of transition point was due to the different equilibrium solid phase, which was revealed by characterization of the equilibrium solid phase. But the transition points in the solubility–temperature curves of Na2SO3 in aqueous ethanol solutions remained constant at different w50 v...

Measurement and Correlation for the Solubility of Sodium p-Toluenesulfonate, Sodium Sulfite, and Sodium p-Methylphenoxide in Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solutions and Sodium Sulfite in Aqueous Ethanol Solutions

An electrochemical apparatus includes a catholyte, an anolyte, and a separator disposed between the catholyte and the anolyte. The catholyte includes metal salt dissolved in water, thereby providing at least one metal ion. The anolyte includes a polysulfide solution. The separator is permeable to the at least one metal ion. During a charging process of the electrochemical apparatus, oxygen is generated in the catholyte, the polysulfide in the polysulfide solution undergoes a reduction reaction in the anolyte, and the at least one metal ion moves from the catholyte to the anolyte. During a discharging process of the apparatus, the oxygen is consumed in the catholyte, the polysulfide oxidizes in the anolyte, and the at least one metal ion moves from the anolyte to the catholyte.

Air-breathing aqueous sulfur rechargeable batteries

The nitration process as one step in 2-amino-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid synthesis was improved by optimizing nitration reaction conditions, improving product separation method to eliminate salty scrap acid and cycle use of the concentrated sulfuric acid. The effect of various parameters such as temperature, quality of fuming sulfuric acid, quality of fuming nitric acid, and reaction time was studied for optimization of the nitration reaction condition. In the optimum conditions, the mass ratio of fuming sulfuric acid to sodium 2-chlorotoluene-4-sulfonate and molar ratio of fuming nitric acid to sodium 2-chlorotoluene-4-sulfonate were 4 and 1.05, respectively. The reaction temperature was −5 °C, and the time of reaction was 3 h. By applying the optimum reaction conditions, the yield of nitration reaction was increased to 91%, larger than that of the current industrial process whose yield is only 65.7%. The solubilities of sodium 2-chloro-5-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonate in aqueous sulfuric acid soluti...

Improvement of the Nitration Process in 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonic Acid Synthesis

To separate a salt mixture (mainly consisting of Na2CO3 and Na2SO4) which is formed from the 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid wastewater treatment, the solubility data of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 in Na2SO4–water solvent mixtures were measured using a dynamic method over the 275–335 K temperature range. The solute-free mass fraction of Na2SO4 in the solvent mixtures extended from 0 to 0.25. The solubility of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 in Na2SO4–water solvent mixtures decreased with addition of Na2SO4. With rising temperature, the solubility of NaHCO3 increased while the solubility of Na2CO3 increased at first and then decreased after transition points. The experimental data were correlated with the electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid model. The root-mean-square deviations of solubility temperature varied from 0.35 to 1.50 K. Based on the solubility data of this work, a new strategy for separating the Na2CO3 and Na2SO4 mixture was proposed theoretically.

Solubility of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 in Aqueous Sodium Sulfate Solutions and Its Application to Separating Na2CO3 and Na2SO4 Salt Mixtures

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Solubility of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 in Aqueous Sodium Sulfate Solutions and Its Application to Separating Na2CO3 and Na2SO4 Salt Mixtures