Multipath TCP, as proposed by the IETF working group mptcp, allows a single data stream to be split across multiple paths. This has obvious benefits for reliability, and it can also lead to more efficient use of networked resources. We describe the design of a multipath congestion control algorithm, we implement it in Linux, and we evaluate it for multihomed servers, data centers and mobile clients. We show that some 'obvious' solutions for multipath congestion control can be harmful, but that our algorithm improves throughput and fairness compared to single-path TCP. Our algorithmis a drop-in replacement for TCP, and we believe it is safe to deploy.

/pdf/design-implementation-and-evaluation-of-congestion-control-2zjxlem70t.pdf

Design, implementation and evaluation of congestion control for multipath TCP

Networks have become multipath: mobile devices have multiple radio interfaces, datacenters have redundant paths andmultihoming is the normfor big server farms. Meanwhile, TCP is still only single-path.

Is it possible to extend TCP to enable it to support multiple paths for current applications on today's Internet? The answer is positive. We carefully review the constraints--partly due to various types of middleboxes-- that influenced the design of Multipath TCP and show how we handled them to achieve its deployability goals.

We report our experience in implementing Multipath TCP in the Linux kernel and we evaluate its performance. Our measurements focus on the algorithms needed to efficiently use paths with different characteristics, notably send and receive buffer tuning and segment reordering. We also compare the performance of our implementation with regular TCP on web servers. Finally, we discuss the lessons learned from designing MPTCP.

/pdf/how-hard-can-it-be-designing-and-implementing-a-deployable-2yr8p9id0p.pdf

How hard can it be? designing and implementing a deployable multipath TCP

Since the ARPAnet, network designers have built localized mechanisms for statistical multiplexing, load balancing, and failure resilience, often without understanding the broader implications. These mechanisms are all types of resource pooling whichmeans making a collection of resources behave like a single pooled resource. We believe that the natural evolution of the Internet is that it should achieve resource pooling by harnessing the responsiveness of multipath-capable end systems. We argue that this approach will solve the problems and limitations of the current piecemeal approaches.

/pdf/the-resource-pooling-principle-46c9kefb18.pdf

The resource pooling principle

Smart devices equipped with multiple network interfaces are becoming commonplace. Nevertheless, even though multiple interfaces can be used to connect to the Internet, their capabilities have not been fully utilized yet because the default TCP/IP stack supports only a single interface for communication. This situation is now changing due to the emergence of multipath protocols on different network stack layers. For example, many IP level approaches have been proposed utilizing tunneling mechanisms for hiding multipath transmission from the transport protocols. Several working groups under IEEE and IETF are actively standardizing multipath transmission on the link layer and transport layer. Application level approaches enable multipath transmission capability by establishing multiple transport connections and distributing data over them. Given all these efforts, it is beneficial and timely to summarize the state-of-the-art, compare their pros and cons, and discuss about the future directions. To that end, we present a survey on multipath transmission and make several major contributions: 1) we present a complete taxonomy pertaining to multipath transmission, including link, network, transport, application, and cross layers; 2) we survey the state-of-the-art for each layer, investigate the problems that each layer aims to address, and make comprehensive assessment of the solutions; and 3) based on the comparison, we identify open issues and pinpoint future directions for multipath transmission research.

/pdf/multipath-transmission-for-the-internet-a-survey-3nw9pidqx7.pdf

Multipath Transmission for the Internet: A Survey

Utilizing the dormant path diversity through multipath routing in the Internet to reach end users—thereby fulfilling their QoS requirements—is rather logical. While offering better resource utilization, better reliability, and often even much better quality of experience (QoE), multipath routing and provisioning was shown to help network and data center operators achieve traffic engineering in the form of load balancing. In this survey, we first highlight the benefits and basic Internet multipath routing components. We take a top-down approach and review various multipath protocols, from application to link and physical layers, operating at different parts of the Internet. We also describe the mathematical foundations of the multipath operation, as well as highlight the issues and challenges pertaining to reliable data delivery, buffering, and security in deploying multipath provisioning in the Internet. We compare the benefits and drawbacks of these protocols operating at different Internet layers and discuss open issues and challenges.

A Survey on Internet Multipath Routing and Provisioning

In this paper, we propose an extension to current TCP protocol named concurrent TCP (cTCP), which can improve throughput of connections through balancing traffic load on multiple end-to-end paths. We keep the single-sliding-window architecture of TCP untouched for compatibility reasons. The two core components of the design are a packet scheduling switch that balances load among paths, and a duplicated acknowledgement classifier that handles packet reordering. We implemented our protocol in FreeBSD kernel and compared the performance of cTCP with theoretical results. Experiment outcomes show that throughputs of our protocol are close to the ideal values.

Multi-Path Load Balancing in Transport Layer

Potential failure patterns of a large landslide complex in the Three Gorges Reservoir area

Concurrent transfer is a feasible solution to improve the efficiency and reliability of data communication. In this study, we developed a Concurrent Transmission Control Protocol (cTCP), which is based on the TCP but allows concurrent multi-path transfer. Our cTCP effectively minimizes the impact of packet reordering problem under concurrent transfer. Our experimental result confirms that the cTCP can achieve theoretical optimal or a near optimal performance.

A Concurrent Transmission Control Protocol

S187: updated phase 1/2 data of safety and efficacy of ct103a, fully human bcma-directed car t cells, in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma

In this paper, we propose an extension to current TCP protocol named concurrent TCP (cTCP), which can improve throughput of connections through balancing traffic load on multiple end-to-end paths We keep the single-sliding-window architecture of TCP untouched for compatibility reasons The two core components of the design are a packet scheduling switch that balances load among paths, and a duplicated acknowledgement classifier that handles packet reordering We implemented our protocol in FreeBSD kernel and compared the performance of cTCP with theoretical results Experiment outcomes show that throughputs of our protocol are close to the ideal values

Concurrency Handling in TCP

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