The depletion of fossil fuels and the search for novel sustainable energy sources are challenges faced by countries throughout the world over the past few decades. Microalgae have received considerable interest as new oil sources for biofuel production. However, the enhancement of the lipid content in microalgae strains without decreasing the growth rate is a prerequisite for improving the economic viability of microalgae-derived biofuel production. The implementation of an appropriate cultivation strategy can increase both lipid accumulation and biomass production. One of the most-often suggested strategies is the cultivation of microalgae through two-stage cultivation strategy (TSCS). This paper aims to recapitulate the findings of recent studies and achievements in improving the lipid productivity and economic feasibility of TSCS. This article starts by highlighting different types of TSCS based on various stimuli. Afterwards, the most noteworthy culture parameters, including growth stage and initial cell density, are addressed. The existing experimental results show that lipid productivity can be enhanced by optimizing stress factor(s) and engineering processes. Moreover, it is reported that the modification or elimination of the pre-harvesting phase (which can be done by upgrading technical aspects and/or via stress induction strategies) can promote the economic feasibility of TSCSs.<

Two-stage cultivation strategy for simultaneous increases in growth rate and lipid content of microalgae: A review

Hazardous organic pollutants have been attracting heightened interest in recent years due to their persisting properties, low biodegradability, and negative influence on aquatic life, wildlife, and humans even at low concentrations. Considering their dangerous effect on the environment, several treatments using different techniques were adopted to remove them from water and wastewater. Herein, electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs), especially anodic oxidation (AO), electro-Fenton (EF), heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF), and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF), have been thoroughly reviewed and found to be promising compared to conventional methods. The state of the art of the previous treatment processes has been discussed in detail, where each technique has its own merits and challenges. These processes depend on their operating conditions mainly pH, current density, nature of electrodes used, and conductivity of the solution, etc. The efficiencies of EAOPs follows the order as PEF > EF > AO and can mineralize the recalcitrant organic pollutants completely.

An overview on the elimination of organic contaminants from aqueous systems using electrochemical advanced oxidation processes

Progress of homogeneous and heterogeneous electro-Fenton treatments of antibiotics in synthetic and real wastewaters. A critical review on the period 2017–2021

Recent advances and trends of heterogeneous electro-Fenton process for wastewater treatment-review

The ability to meet higher effluent quality requirements and the reduction of energy consumption are the biggest challenges in wastewater treatment worldwide. A large proportion of the energy generated during wastewater treatment processes is neglected and lost in traditional wastewater treatment plants. As a type of energy harvesting system, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can extensively harvest the microscale energies generated from wastewater treatment procedures and auxiliary devices. This harvested energy can be utilized to improve the removal efficiency of pollutants through photo/electric catalysis, which has considerable potential application value in wastewater treatment plants. This paper gives an overall review of the generated potential energies (e.g., water wave energy, wind energy, and acoustic energy) that can be harvested at various stages of the wastewater treatment process and introduces the application of TENG devices for the collection of these neglected energies during wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the mechanisms and catalytic performances of TENGs coupled with photo/electric catalysis (e.g., electrocatalysis, photoelectric catalysis) are discussed to realize higher pollutant removal efficiencies and lower energy consumption. Then, a thorough, detailed investigation of TENG devices, electrode materials, and their coupled applications is summarized. Finally, the intimate coupling of self-powered photoelectric catalysis and biodegradation is proposed to further improve removal efficiencies in wastewater treatment. This concept is conducive to improving knowledge about the underlying mechanisms and extending applications of TENGs in wastewater treatment to better solve the problems of energy demand in the future.

Improving Wastewater Treatment by Triboelectric-Photo/Electric Coupling Effect.

N- and O self-doped biomass porous carbon cathode in an electro-Fenton system for Chloramphenicol degradation

A novel two-stage culture strategy used to cultivate Chlorella vulgaris for increasing the lipid productivity

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N- and O self-doped biomass porous carbon cathode in an electro-Fenton system for Chloramphenicol degradation

A novel two-stage culture strategy used to cultivate Chlorella vulgaris for increasing the lipid productivity