Some 175 years ago Michael Faraday discovered magnetic circular birefringence, now commonly known as the Faraday effect. Sensing the magnetic field through the influence that the field has on light within the fiber optic sensor offers several advantages, one of them fundamental. These advantages find application in the measurement of electric current at high voltages by measuring the induced magnetic field, thus warranting application for this kind of fiber optic sensor (FOS) in future smart grids. Difficulties in designing and manufacturing high-performance FOSs were greatly alleviated by developments in optical telecommunication technology, thus giving new impetus to magnetometry based on the Faraday effect. Some of the major problems in the processing of optical signals and temperature dependence have been resolved, yet much effort is still needed to implement all solutions into a single commercial device. Artificial structures with giant Faraday rotation, reported in the literature in the 21st century, will further improve the performance of FOSs based on the Faraday effect. This paper will consider obstacles and limits imposed by the available technology and review solutions proposed so far for fiber optic sensors based on the Faraday effect.

Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Faraday Effect.

Fractional calculus is a 300 years topic, which has been introduced to real physics systems modeling and engineering applications. In the last few decades, fractional-order nonlinear chaotic systems have been widely investigated. Firstly, the most used methods to solve fractional-order chaotic systems are reviewed. Characteristics and memory effect in those method are summarized. Then we discuss the memory effect in the fractional-order chaotic systems through the fractional-order calculus and numerical solution algorithms. It shows that the integer-order derivative has full memory effect, while the fractional-order derivative has nonideal memory effect due to the kernel function. Memory loss and short memory are discussed. Finally, applications of the fractional-order chaotic systems regarding the memory effects are investigated. The work summarized in this manuscript provides reference value for the applied scientists and engineering community of fractional-order nonlinear chaotic systems.

Solutions and memory effect of fractional-order chaotic system: A review

High reliability and measurement accuracy are the premises and foundations of the practical use of optical transformer in power systems. Based on the theory of power optic sensor and model structure, the implementation plans for magneto-optical glass type as well as all-fiber type current transformer and electro-optic crystal type as well as all-fiber type voltage transformer are classified and compared, the advantages and disadvantages in the aspects of detection algorithms and manufacturing processes are also pointed out. Finally, the problems associated with the practical use of optical sensing technology and research directions are discussed.

Study and comment of the optical transformers in power system

The fiber optic current sensor (FOCS) is susceptible to external temperature in actual operation, which will lead to its accuracy deviation, even malfunction. In order to improve the temperature stability of FOCS’s ratio error, a temperature compensation method based on RBF neural network is established by taking the temperature as input and the ratio error as output to the network. Compared with BP neural network, the simulation results show that the temperature compensation model based on RBF neural network has better accuracy whose prediction error is less than 3%. At the same time, the experimental results show that the drift deviation of ratio error can remain as low as ±0.1% in the range of -40 °C to 70°C, and the 0.2S-level accuracy of GBT20840.8 standard can be achieved.

Fiber optic current sensor temperature compensation through RBF neural network

The paper introduces fundamental principles and main characteristics of the fiber optical current transformer(FOCT),compares in detail with the Rogowski coil type CT and magneto-optical CT,analyzes the advantages preferable to relay protection by using FOCTFacing the main problems in the engineering application of FOCT,the paper suggests solving measures

The Fiber Optical Current Transformer(FOCT) Technology and It's Engineering Application

A wind-photovoltaic-energy-storage power generation system capacity optimizing method based on a wind-photovoltaic hybrid characteristic belongs to the technical field of a wind-photovoltaic-energy-storage power generation system. According to the wind-photovoltaic-energy-storage power generation system capacity optimizing method, through controlling the hybrid power generation system, island-mode operation and grid-connected-mode operation of the hybrid power generation system can be realized. According to the wind-photovoltaic-energy-storage power generation system capacity optimizing method, a capacity optimizing model which is suitable for the wind-photovoltaic-energy-storage power generation system is presented, wherein system cost minimizing is used as an optimizing target, and furthermore the wind-photovoltaic hybrid characteristic, a grid-connected power fluctuation condition and a system load loss rate are comprehensively considered. The wind-photovoltaic-energy-storage power generation system capacity optimizing method has advantages of sufficiently utilizing the wind-photovoltaic hybrid characteristic, ensuring high reliability in power supplying of the system just through a relatively low storage battery capacity, and reducing system cost.

Wind-photovoltaic-energy-storage power generation system capacity optimizing method based on wind-photovoltaic hybrid characteristic

The engineering application number of fiber optic current sensor (FOCS) is decreasing year by year since 2012 in China due to its reliability problems. However, the researchers and related enterprises have also made some constructive attempts on the study of fault diagnosis of FOCS. In this paper, the application status and the common fault modes of FOCS are analyzed. Three ways to diagnosing the soft and hard fault of FOCS are reviewed, including based on analytical model, on signal processing and on knowledge. Finally, the research direction of FOCS fault diagnosing is prospected. It is concluded that the diversified and intelligent fault diagnosis method based on knowledge has more advantages compared with the other two methods. In addition, the development of FOCS for integrated optical path is of great help in improving its reliability and will be a research hotspot in the future.

Fault diagnosing methods of fiber optic current sensor: a review

The present invention discloses a wind power elimination method for improving peak regulation space through adoption of an energy storage system. On the basis of establishment of a daily scheduling model comprising a wind power plant considering wind-fire set output smooth constraint and wind power permeability limit constraint, a wind-fire storage association system daily scheduling model for improving wind power peak regulation space through adoption of the energy storage system is constructed. The minimum total cost of the association system and the maximization of the wind power on-grid energy are taken as multiple targets, a multi-target SA-PSO algorithm base on Pareto optimization is utilized to solve the optimization scheduling scheme of the association system. The wind power elimination method for improving peak regulation space through adoption of the energy storage system can realize the real-time and effective elimination of wind power after the wind power peak regulation space is improved through the energy storage system and have important meanings for guidance of actual wind power grid-connected operation and optimization scheduling.

Wind power elimination method for improving peak regulation space through adoption of energy storage system

The fiber optic current transformer (FOCT) is affected by complex environment in actual operation which will lead performance deteriorate or even malfunction. This paper introduces the application status and common fault modes of FOCT, and a fault diagnosis algorithm of FOCT based on Wavelet-Allan variance is presented. Wavelet transform is used to identify the jump signal for the mutation fault diagnosis, and Allan variance analysis is used to analyze the noise distribution for the gradual fault diagnosis. By combining the two methods above, the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of FOCT can be realized without changing the structure of the original transformer or adding additional detection equipment. This method is proved to be effective and accurate by diagnosing faults from FOCTs in substation.

Fault diagnosis algorithm of fiber current transformer based on Wavelet-Allan variance

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