Immobilization of enzymes on clay minerals for biocatalysts and biosensors

http://www.emec.licp.cas.cn/kycg/2016/201511/W020151130323160570426.pdf

Recent progress in dispersion of palygorskite crystal bundles for nanocomposites

Ag and Au nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide composite materials: Synthesis and application in diagnostics and therapeutics.

Polymers of phenylenediamines

Through a simple method, a new kind of Mn3O4 nanoparticles (Mn3O4NPs) decorated nitrogen-doped graphene (N-GR) was synthesized firstly, and then a Mn3O4NPs/N-GR modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was fabricated. Several techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemistry, were performed to characterize Mn3O4NPs/N-GR. A large amount of N on the graphene surface (about 9.86% of atomic ratio) was detected by XPS. Mn3O4 nanoparticles (50–80 nm) homogeneously coated on N-GR. Mn3O4NPs/N-GR/CPE was used for sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensing, which exhibited the response current of glucose ca. 10-fold higher than that of pure CPE. Under the optimum determination conditions, Mn3O4NPs/N-GR/CPE provided glucose with a broader detection range of 2.5–529.5 μM with a low detection limit (1.0 μM, S/N = 3). This novel method was successfully used to determine glucose in human urine sample.

Synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles/nitrogen-doped graphene hybrid composite for nonenzymatic glucose sensor

Electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate in waste can enable efficient waste remediation (NO3– to N2) or waste valorization (NO3– to NH4+) depending on the selectivity of the catalyst. Palladium and copper electrocatalysts typically exhibit ideal nitrate and nitrite binding properties, allowing for effective destruction of nitrate. However, rational steering of selectivity through material design remains a critical challenge for PdCu electrocatalyst. Here, we use the electrochemical underpotential deposition method to synthesize palladium nanocube electrocataysts with controlled copper surface coverage (e.g., partial and full copper coatings). We then examine the potential for NO3– destruction (conversion) and NO2– reduction reaction. We identify that partial copper-coated Pd nanocubes not only effectively facilitate the reduction of 95% of NO3– but also increase the reduction of NO2– to N2 with 89% selectivity over 20 consecutive cycles (80 h). We also show that under these conditions, the Pd(100) surface facet is exposed. Complete copper-covered Pd nanocubes effectively facilitate the reduction of ∼99% of NO3–. Complete coverage of copper; however, prevented exposure of Pd(100) surface facet, promoting the selective reduction of NO2– to NH4+ with a 70% selectivity over 20 consecutive cycles (80 h). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that NO3– and NO2– adsorb more strongly on the Cu(100) surface compared to the Pd(100) surface, while the NO* intermediate generated from NO3– or NO2– reduction adsorbs more strongly on the Pd surface. Barrier calculations show that NO* can readily migrate from the Cu domain to the Pd domain and that the N–N coupling barrier on Pd is significantly diminished at high NO* coverage. Together, these results suggest that the high N2 selectivity observed on the PdCu electrocatalyst is caused by the spillover of NO* from the Cu domains to the Pd domains. 

PdCu Electrocatalysts for Selective Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction to Nitrogen

Nitrogen Doped Graphene Supported Ag Nanoparticles as Electrocatalysts for Oxidation of Glucose

A novel Pt nanoflowers/polyaniline/nitrogen-doped graphene (PtNFs/PANI/NG) electrocatalyst was prepared by dispersing Pt nanoflowers (PtNFs) onto a polyaniline (PANI) grafted N-doped graphene (NG) matrix through a two-step electrochemical process. Firstly, NG was prepared by a hydrothermal reaction of graphene oxide (GO) with urea, and then electrochemical polymerization of aniline at NG was carried out. Secondly, PtNFs was dispersed onto the film of PANI/NG by electrochemical reduction of H2PtCl6. The as-prepared composites were characterized by SEM, XRD, and Raman spectra. Compared with PtNFs/PANI/G, PtNFs/PANI, and PtNFs/NG catalysts, the novel PtNFs/PANI/NG catalyst exhibits more advantages such as high catalytic activity, excellent poisoning tolerance, and stability characteristic towards methanol electro-oxidation, which is attributed to not only the good dispersion of PtNFs on PANI/NG but also the strong interactions between metal particles and conducting polymer matrixes. The results suggest that the PtNFs/PANI/NG catalyst can be a promising alternative for catalyst in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).

Synthesis of PtNFs/PANI/NG with enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation

A facile Pt nanoflowers/nitrogen-doped graphene (PtNFs/NG) electrocatalyst was prepared via depositing Pt nanoflowers (PtNFs) onto the nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) matrix with urea as the nitrogen source and PtNFs/NG modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared by electro-chemical method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the resulting composites. Also oxidation of formaldehyde on the resulting PtNFs/NG modified electrode was investigated. The influence of deposition time, electrodeposition potential and formaldehyde concentration on electrooxidation of formaldehyde was detected, the experimental results indicate the high performance of PtNFs/NG catalyst for formaldehyde oxidation is at electrodeposition time of 300 s with the applied potential of −0.3 V. Electrochemical process, electrocatalytic stability and chronoamperometry were also inspected, it was indicated that formalde-hyde oxidation reaction on the PtNFs/NG electrode is diffusion-controlled and PtNFs/NG exhibits a high catalytic activity, stability as well as excellent poisoning-tolerance towards formaldehyde oxidation, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of PtNFs and NG. It turns out that PtNFs/NG can be used in direct liquid-feed fuel cells as a promising alternative catalyst.

Nitrogen Doped Graphene Supported Pt Nanoflowers as Electrocatalysts for Oxidation of Formaldehyde.

Palygorskite-poly(o-phenylenediamine) nanocomposite: An enhanced electrochemical platform for glucose biosensing

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