Cryopreservation of semen and artificial insemination have an important, positive impact on cattle production, and product quality. Through the use of cryopreserved semen and artificial insemination, sperm from the best breeding bulls can be used to inseminate thousands of cows around the world. Although cryopreservation of bull sperm has advanced beyond that of other species, there are still major gaps in the knowledge and technology bases. Post-thaw viability of sperm is still low and differs significantly among the breeding bulls. These weaknesses are important because they are preventing advances both in fundamental science of mammalian gametes and reproductive biotechnology. Various extenders have been developed and supplemented with chemicals to reduce cryodamage or oxidative stress with varying levels of success. More detailed insights on sperm morphology and function have been uncovered through application of advanced tools in modern molecular and cell biology. This article provides a concise review of progress in the cryopreservation of bull sperm, advances in extender development, and frontiers using diverse techniques of the study of sperm viability. This scientific resource is important in animal biotechnology because with the advances in discovery of sperm fertility markers, there is an urgent need to improve post-thaw viability and fertility of sperm through enhanced cryopreservation for precision agriculture to produce food animals to ensure food security on the global scale.

/pdf/advances-in-cryopreservation-of-bull-sperm-1wzbixqyd1.pdf

Advances in cryopreservation of bull sperm

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are active regulators of numerous biological and physiological processes including most of the events of mammalian reproduction. Understanding the biological functions of miRNAs in the context of mammalian reproduction will allow a better and comparative understanding of fertility and sterility in male and female mammals. Herein, we summarize recent progress in miRNA-mediated regulation of mammalian reproduction and highlight the significance of miRNAs in different aspects of mammalian reproduction including the biogenesis of germ cells, the functionality of reproductive organs, and the development of early embryos. Furthermore, we focus on the gene expression regulatory feedback loops involving hormones and miRNA expression to increase our understanding of germ cell commitment and the functioning of reproductive organs. Finally, we discuss the influence of miRNAs on male and female reproductive failure, and provide perspectives for future studies on this topic.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12459

Roles of microRNAs in mammalian reproduction: from the commitment of germ cells to peri-implantation embryos.

Advances in sperm cryopreservation in farm animals: Cattle, horse, pig and sheep

Cryopreservation is a useful approach to preserve male fertility for assisted reproduction technique and other evaluations. In spite of extensive development in the cryopreservation field, there are biological and biochemical points including DNA fragmentation and antioxidant which should be illuminated to preserve fertility in safe form. Several molecular markers such as coding and noncoding RNAs are transferred from spermatozoa into oocyte via fertilization. These biomarkers affect fertility potential during the cryopreservation. Despite its impact, sperm cryopreservation has some destructive effect including loss of sperm motility and viability, acrosomal damage, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, plasma membrane permeability alteration even nuclear, and DNA damage. There is a growing concern about the impact of sperm cryopreservation on biological factors which can interrupt successful fertility procedures such as in vitro fertilization. Additionally, cryo-damage can decrease embryonic development extent. Promoting cryopreservation method via investigating the wide range of non-invasive factors may be increasingly important to have access to safe approach of freezing. Therefore, the aim of this study is the assessment of biological factors which can penetrate the fertility potential during the freezing procedure, explicate innovative methods in fertility preservation.

Influence of cryopreservation on structure and function of mammalian spermatozoa: an overview

Transcriptome analysis of boar spermatozoa with different freezability using RNA-Seq.

Cryopreservation of boar sperm induces differential microRNAs expression

Differences in the expression of microRNAs and their predicted gene targets between cauda epididymal and ejaculated boar sperm.

miR-26a is associated with sperm metabolism and can affect sperm motility and apoptosis. However, how miR-26a affects sperm motility remains largely unknown. Our previous study indicated that the PDHX gene is predicted to be a potential target of miR-26a, which is responsible for pyruvate oxidative decarboxylation which is considered as a key step for connecting glycolysis with oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, we first reported a potential relationship between miR-26a and PDHX and their expressions in fresh, frozen-thawed, and epididymal boar sperm. Then, sperm viability and survival were determined after transfection of miR-26a. mRNA and protein expression level of PDHX in the liquid-preserved boar sperm after transfection were also determined by RT-qPCR and Western Blot (WB). Our results showed that expression level of PDHX was significantly increased during sperm transit from epididymal caput to corpus and cauda. Similarly, expression of PDHX was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fresh sperm as compared to epididymal cauda and frozen-thawed sperm. However, the expression of miR-26a in epididymal corpus sperm was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of caput and cauda sperm. Furthermore, after transfection of boar sperm with miR-26a mimic and inhibitor under liquid storage, the lowest and highest sperm viability was observed in miR-26a mimic and inhibitor treatment (P < 0.05), respectively. The protein levels of PDHX, after 24 and 48 h of transfection of miR-26a mimics and inhibitor, were notably decreased and increased (P < 0.05), respectively, as compared to negative control (NC) group. In conclusion, the novel and enticing findings of our study provide a reasonable evidence that miR-26a via PDHX, a link between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, could regulate the glycometabolic pathway which eventually affect boar sperm viability and survival.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/1/146/pdf

miR-26a is Involved in Glycometabolism and Affects Boar Sperm Viability by Targeting PDHX

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Cryopreservation of boar sperm induces differential microRNAs expression

Differences in the expression of microRNAs and their predicted gene targets between cauda epididymal and ejaculated boar sperm.

miR-26a is Involved in Glycometabolism and Affects Boar Sperm Viability by Targeting PDHX