Thermal decomposition, flame propagation, and combustion reactions behaviours of stearic acid by experiments and molecular dynamic simulation

Styrene is the main compound of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) of end-of-life wind turbine blades (WTBs) with high toxicity. This research aims to recover styrene and glass fibre (GF) from WTBs composed of GF/UPR using a small pyrolysis plant with a reactor capacity of 250 g. The conversion process was carried out at 25 °C/min at different pyrolysis temperatures: 500, 550 and 600 °C to obtain the optimal temperature at which each UPR fragment can decompose while maintaining the morphology of the recovered GF. The produced gases were monitored during the entire conversion process of WTBs using an instantaneous gas analyzer. The pyrolysis products (oil and gaseous) derived at the end of the process were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Char and short GF in solid residual products were separated using a sieving process, followed by washing and analysis of their chemical structure and morphology using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, a scanning electron microscope, and an optical microscope. The results showed that at 500°C, WTBs was converted into oil (44.5 %) and solid residues (55 %), while very little amount of gas could be neglected. Also, styrene (upto 48.53 %) was the major compound in the GC/MS analysis of oil product and CO2 was the main gas in gaseous product. However, the recovered GF was still loaded with UPR debris on its surface, which could crack at 600 °C without affecting surface of the recovered GF. Meanwhile, potassium was the major element in char products with concentration in the ranges of 14.9 wt% (500 °C) - 25.5 wt% (600 °C). 

Recovery of styrene-rich oil and glass fibres from fibres-reinforced unsaturated polyester resin end-of-life wind turbine blades using pyrolysis technology

ABSTRACT This research aims to study the pyrolysis characteristics and thermodynamic analysis of waste wind turbine blades (WTBs: composed of carbon fiber/unsaturated polyester resin) using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). The distribution of pyrolysis vapor products and their chemical compositions were analyzed. Also, pyrolysis experiments were carried out at various heating conditions to examine its effect on the vapor composition, and their pyrolysis kinetics was simulated using several modeling routes. In addition, all degradation regions of WTBs were mathematically simulated. The results showed that WTBs are rich in carbon element (53–88 wt.%) and volatile matter (26–30 wt.%), whereas TG measurements revealed that WTBs can fully degrade up to 500°C with a mass loss of 31%. Carbonyl (C=O) was the major functional group in the released vapor with a constant intensity even when the heating rate changed, while styrene was the major Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry compound with a significant abundance of 87% (at 30°C/min) versus 84% (at 5°C/min). Finally, kinetic investigations manifested that WTBs with a specific configuration have lower average activation energies (Ea) estimated at 172 kJ/mol (KAS), 220 kJ/mol (FWO), 194 kJ/mol (Friedman), and 159 kJ/mol (Vyazovkin and Cai), and FWO provides the highest R2 of 0.99. This decrease in Ea and the reaction complexity is caused by high conductivity of carbon fibers which helps in increasing the heat transfer and speeding up the reaction. The average enthalpy and Gibbs free energy were estimated in the ranges of 166–215 kJ/mol and 114–226 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on that, resin and carbon fibers can be recovered from WTBs using pyrolysis treatment.

Pyrolysis kinetic behaviour and thermodynamic analysis of waste wind turbine blades (carbon fibres/unsaturated polyester resin)

Global immature and low-maturity shale resources are enormous and have a significant potential for future energy substitution. However, the utilization of these resources faces various challenges such as their high viscosity, poor permeability, and low conversion ratio, posing substantial challenges to energy security. As a solvent with unique physicochemical properties, sub- and supercritical water (SCW) exhibits immense potential for industrial application in the in-situ conversion of shale. This study presents a comprehensive review of the application of SCW in shale conversion. First, the properties and roles of SCW, as well as the principles and characteristics of relevant technologies, are introduced. Subsequently, the influence of conversion conditions (pressure, time, temperature etc.) on the conversion efficiency of shale is discussed. Furthermore, the phase behavior and solubility of different hydrocarbon components, the evolution characteristics of shale reservoirs, and the migration of heteroatoms under SCW conditions are discussed in detail. Based on these findings, the reaction kinetics, detailed conversion pathways, and macroscopic and microscopic mechanisms of shale conversion in SCW are summarized and discussed. Finally, future directions for the development of technology for the shale conversion in SCW are proposed, with the aim of providing guidance toward its industrial implementation. 

Advancing the application of sub- and supercritical water in the in-situ conversion of immature and low-maturity shale

Water-solvent regulation on complete hydrolysis of thermosetting polyester and complete separation of degradation products.

Study on the mechanisms of epoxy resin gasification in supercritical water by molecular dynamics and experimental methods

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Study on the mechanisms of epoxy resin gasification in supercritical water by molecular dynamics and experimental methods