H2S belongs to the class of molecules known as gasotransmitters, which also includes nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Three enzymes are recognized as endogenous sources of H2S in various cells and tissues: cystathionine g-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). The current article reviews the regulation of these enzymes as well as the pathways of their enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation and elimination. The multiple interactions of H2S with other labile endogenous molecules (e.g. NO) and reactive oxygen species are also outlined. The various biological targets and signaling pathways are discussed, with special reference to H2S and oxidative posttranscriptional modification of proteins, the effect of H2S on channels and intracellular second messenger pathways, the regulation of gene transcription and translation and the regulation of cellular bioenergetics and metabolism. The pharmacological and molecular tools currently available to study H2S physiology are also reviewed, including their utility and limitations. In subsequent sections, the role of H2S in the regulation of various physiological and cellular functions is reviewed. The physiological role of H2S in various cell types and organ systems are overviewed. Finally, the role of H2S in the regulation of various organ functions is discussed as well as the characteristic bell-shaped biphasic effects of H2S. In addition, key pathophysiological aspects, debated areas, and future research and translational areas are identified A wide array of significant roles of H2S in the physiological regulation of all organ functions emerges from this review.

Physiological roles of hydrogen sulfide in mammalian cells, tissues and organs.

Human erythrocytes are organelle-free cells packaged with iron-containing hemoglobin, specializing in the transport of oxygen. With a total number of approximately 25 trillion cells per individual, the erythrocyte is the most abundant cell type not only in blood but in the whole organism. Despite their low complexity and their inability to transcriptionally upregulate antioxidant defense mechanisms, they display a relatively long life time, of 120 days. This ensures the maintenance of tissue homeostasis where the clearance of old or damaged erythrocytes is kept in balance with erythropoiesis. Whereas the regulatory mechanisms of erythropoiesis have been elucidated over decades of intensive research, the understanding of the mechanisms of erythrocyte clearance still requires some refinement. Here, we present the main pathways leading to eryptosis, the programmed death of erythrocytes, with special emphasis on Ca2+ influx, the generation of ceramide, oxidative stress, kinase activation, and iron metabolism. We also compare stress-induced erythrocyte death with erythrocyte ageing and clearance, and discuss the similarities between eryptosis and ferroptosis, the iron-dependent regulated death of nucleated blood cells. Finally, we focus on the pathologic consequences of deranged eryptosis, and discuss eryptosis in the context of different infectious diseases, e.g., viral or parasitic infections, and hematologic disorders.

/pdf/eryptosis-programmed-death-of-nucleus-free-iron-filled-blood-83497tjb.pdf

Eryptosis: Programmed Death of Nucleus-Free, Iron-Filled Blood Cells

/pdf/advances-in-microfluidics-for-single-red-blood-cell-analysis-31jppph3.pdf

Advances in Microfluidics for Single Red Blood Cell Analysis

Aim. To study the effects of a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on erythrocytes and platelets of rats. Materials and methods. Male Wistar rats (n = 23) were used for the study. The rats were divided into a control group and an experimental group. The rats from the control group were fed with standard rat chow. The rats from the experimental group had received a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks. In the rats, body weight and blood pressure (BP) were measured, an oral glucose tolerance test was carried out, and hematological and lipid metabolism parameters were analyzed. The conductance of erythrocyte KCa-channels was measured by the potentiometric method, and platelet aggregation was determined by the turbidimetric method. Results. Feeding the rats with a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks resulted in obesity, BP elevation, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and dyslipidemia with pronounced triglyceridemia. In the experimental group, a rise in the number of leukocytes, mainly due to granulocytes, and an increase in the number of platelets and their collagen-induced aggregation were observed. The red blood cell count in the rats of the experimental group did not significantly differ from that of the control group. In the experimental group, multidirectional changes in the membrane potential were observed in response to the stimulation of the KCa-channels in the erythrocyte membrane with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 or artificial redox systems. Conclusion. The obtained data indicate that a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet leads to metabolic and hemorheological disorders that are typical of metabolic syndrome.

/pdf/vliianie-vysokozhirovoi-i-vysokouglevodnoi-diety-na-kletki-1ktzhuczie.pdf

Влияние высокожировой и высокоуглеводной диеты на клетки крови крыс

In this paper, we present an automated small-sized device designed to determine the blood type. That device can be used in emergency situations or in small medical laboratories. In the proposed device, determination of the blood type will be carried out using reagents of monoclonal antibodies, called zoliclones. The principle of operation is based on the use of the method of photometry of drop samples. This method allows assessing the degree of specific agglutination of erythrocytes. In accordance with this method, the detection of agglutination occurs by photometry of test samples formed in the form of lying drops. In the presence of erythrocyte agglutination, changes in the intensity of the light flux passing through the sample are recorded. To accelerate erythrocyte agglutination, the sample in our device will be vibrated by vibration platform. The paper presents a block diagram, a layout of the device and the results of experimental studies. 

Development of a Blood Typing Device

The effect of H2S on changes in erythrocyte volume was studied by spectrophotometrical and potentiometric methods. It was found that H2S donor NaHS (2.5, 10, and 100 μM) induced an increase in erythrocyte volume in heterosmotic media. Activation of Gardos channels with A23187 or ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate system causes erythrocyte shrinkage and hyperpolarization of their membrane, while addition of NaHS restored erythrocyte volume. The decrease in erythrocyte volume upon blockade of Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransporter (bumetanide) or anion exchanger (SITS) was abolished by H2S donor NaHS, which attested to an important role of these transporters and chlorine conductivity of the membrane in the maintenance of the homeostasis of blood cells.

H2S-Mediated Changes in Erythrocyte Volume: Role of Gardos Channels, Na+,K+,2Cl- Cotransport and Anion Exchanger.

An Automated Method for Blood Type Determination by Red Blood Cell Agglutination Assay

An optical-vibration method for determining blood groups. Assessment of the influence of horizontal mechanical vibrations on the distribution of immune complexes in a sample

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H2S-Mediated Changes in Erythrocyte Volume: Role of Gardos Channels, Na+,K+,2Cl- Cotransport and Anion Exchanger.

An Automated Method for Blood Type Determination by Red Blood Cell Agglutination Assay

An Automated Method for Blood Type Determination by Red Blood Cell Agglutination Assay

An optical-vibration method for determining blood groups. Assessment of the influence of horizontal mechanical vibrations on the distribution of immune complexes in a sample