Skin electronics require stretchable conductors that satisfy metallike conductivity, high stretchability, ultrathin thickness, and facile patternability, but achieving these characteristics simultaneously is challenging. We present a float assembly method to fabricate a nanomembrane that meets all these requirements. The method enables a compact assembly of nanomaterials at the water-oil interface and their partial embedment in an ultrathin elastomer membrane, which can distribute the applied strain in the elastomer membrane and thus lead to a high elasticity even with the high loading of the nanomaterials. Furthermore, the structure allows cold welding and bilayer stacking, resulting in high conductivity. These properties are preserved even after high-resolution patterning by using photolithography. A multifunctional epidermal sensor array can be fabricated with the patterned nanomembranes.

Highly conductive and elastic nanomembrane for skin electronics

Global energy demand is increasing; thus, emerging renewable energy sources, such as organic solar cells (OSCs), are fundamental to mitigate the negative effects of fuel consumption. Within OSC’s advancements, the development of efficient and stable interface materials is essential to achieve high performance, long-term stability, low costs, and broader applicability. Inorganic and nanocarbon-based materials show a suitable work function, tunable optical/electronic properties, stability to the presence of moisture, and facile solution processing, while organic conducting polymers and small molecules have some advantages such as fast and low-cost production, solution process, low energy payback time, light weight, and less adverse environmental impact, making them attractive as hole transporting layers (HTLs) for OSCs. This review looked at the recent progress in metal oxides, metal sulfides, nanocarbon materials, conducting polymers, and small organic molecules as HTLs in OSCs over the past five years. The endeavors in research and technology have optimized the preparation and deposition methods of HTLs. Strategies of doping, composite/hybrid formation, and modifications have also tuned the optical/electrical properties of these materials as HTLs to obtain efficient and stable OSCs. We highlighted the impact of structure, composition, and processing conditions of inorganic and organic materials as HTLs in conventional and inverted OSCs.

/pdf/recent-advances-in-hole-transporting-layers-for-organic-2y39d9ve.pdf

Recent Advances in Hole-Transporting Layers for Organic Solar Cells

Networks of metal nanowires (NWs) have the highest performance of any solution-coatable material to replace expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) as the transparent conducting electrode material in next-generation devices. However, there is as yet no published process for producing NW films with an optoelectronic performance that exceeds that of ITO. Here, we examine a process for the synthesis and purification of uniform AgNWs that, when coated using a spin-coating technique to create a transparent conducting film, show properties that exceed those of ITO. The morphology AgNWs can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and [PVP] to [AgNO3] molar ratio. AgNWs with average diameters of 20 nm and aspect ratios >1000 were obtained by adding 30.5 mM of AgNO3 and 6 : 1 molar ratio of [PVP] to [AgNO3] in a silver nanowire synthesis, but these NWs were contaminated by some Ag nanoparticles. Selective precipitation was used to purify the NWs from nanoparticles, resulting in a transmittance improvement as large as 2%. The transmittance of the purified AgNW film was 97.5% at a sheet resistance of below 70 Ω sq−1. The synthesized and purified AgNWs were analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy and four-point-probe technique.

Synthesis and Highly Effective Purification of Silver Nanowires to Enhance the Transmittance at Low Sheet Resistance with Simple Polyol and Scalable Selective Precipitation Method

The balance between electron and hole injection is critical for obtaining high efficiency in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). Herein, 1,4-dioxane was employed as a solvent for poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) in stepwise co-HTL (HTL: hole transport layer)-based red QLEDs with poly[bis(4-phenyl)(4-butylphenyl)amine] (poly-TPD)/PVK, enabling a 41.5% enhancement in external quantum efficiency (EQE) compared to that of the control device without a PVK layer. Based on the high-performance co-HTL device, the blue phosphorescence dye bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-C2,N](picolinato)iridium(III) (FIrpic) was incorporated into PVK for further improving the device efficiency. Consequently, at a blend ratio of 10 : 2 in volume, the co-HTL QLED with a mixed PVK : FIrpic layer showed the highest maximum current efficiency (CEmax) of 18.2 cd A−1 and EQEmax of 12.2%, which was 30% and 28.4% higher than that of the co-HTL device without the FIrpic mixture, respectively. Compared to the control device with only poly-TPD as the HTL, the luminous efficiency nearly doubled. The substantial performance improvements are mainly attributed to the stepwise energy level alignment of the HTLs, uniform morphology of the PVK:FIrpic films obtained from the orthogonal solvent 1,4-dioxane, and efficient nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) from PVK : FIrpic (10 : 2) to the QDs. Thus, this study offers a new practical method to promote the performance of QLEDs and eventually their commercial use in display and lighting applications.

Preparation of efficient quantum dot light-emitting diodes by balancing charge injection and sensitizing emitting layer with phosphorescent dye

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have a broad range of applications including nanoelectronics, energy conversion, health care, solar cells, touch screens, sensors and biosensors, wearable electronics, and drug delivery systems. As their characteristics depend strongly on their size and morphology, it is essential to find the optimal and most cost-effective synthesis method with precise control over the size and morphology of the wires. Various methods for AgNW synthesis have been reported along with process optimization and novel techniques to increase the yield and aspect ratios of synthesized AgNWs. The most promising processes for synthesis of AgNWs are wet chemical techniques, in which the polyol process is low cost and simple and provides high yield compared to other chemical methods. Reaction mechanism is one of the most important factors in strategies to control the process. Our purpose here is to provide an overview on the main findings regarding synthesis, preparation, and characterization of AgNWs. Recent efforts in the polyol synthesis of AgNWs are summarized with respect to product morphology and size, reaction conditions, and characterization techniques. The effect of essential factors such as reagent concentration and preparation, temperature, and reaction atmosphere that control the size, morphology, and yield of synthesized AgNWs is reviewed. Moreover, a review on the novel modified polyol process and reactor design such as continuous millifluidic and flow reactors to increase the yield of synthesized AgNWs on large scales is provided. The most recent proposed growth mechanisms and kinetics behind the polyol process are addressed. Finally, comparatively few available studies in green and sustainable development of 1D silver nanostructures through the application of natural products with inherent growth termination, stabilization, and capping characteristics are reviewed to provide an avenue to natural synthesis pathways to AgNWs. Future directions in both chemical and green synthesis approaches of AgNWs are addressed.

/pdf/polyol-silver-nanowire-synthesis-and-the-outlook-for-a-green-1gfvskuuqa.pdf

Polyol Silver Nanowire Synthesis and the Outlook for a Green Process

Utilization of triplet excitons plays a key role in obtaining highly efficient quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) However, to date, only phosphorescent materials have been implemented to harvest triplet excitons in QD-LEDs In this work, we introduced a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, 4,5-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phthalonitrile (2CzPN), doped into poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as an exciton harvester in red QD-LEDs by solution processing As a result, electrons leaking to the PVK layer will be trapped by 2CzPN to form long-lifetime TADF excitons in the 2CzPN:PVK layer, and then this harvested exciton energy can be effectively transferred to the adjacent QDs by the Forster resonance energy-transfer process The fabricated red CdSe/CdS core/shell QD-LEDs show a maximum luminescence efficiency of 1733 cd/A and longer lifetime Our results demonstrate that the TADF sensitizer would be a promising candidate to develop highly efficient QD-LEDs

Efficient Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Employing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters as Exciton Harvesters

In this work, segmented silver nanowires (AgNWs) with an average diameter of 60 nm have been successfully synthesized by a typical polyol method without any templates and seeds. The synthesized segmented AgNWs were strongly dependent on the reaction temperature and time. It was found from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction measurements that the connection node of segmented AgNWs was in the form of a twinned crystal. We speculated that these segmented AgNWs were possibly derived from end-to-end self-connection and self-concrescence of two neighbouring Ag nanorods or nanowires at a suitable reaction temperature and time, which is further confirmed by the secondary growth of AgNWs. In addition, segmented AgNWs were blended into hole transporting layers to enhance the performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs) by utilizing their localized surface plasmon resonance and optical scattering effects. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) of PSCs with segmented AgNWs increased from 2.81% and 8.99 mA cm−2 to 3.30% and 9.95 mA cm−2, respectively.

A facile synthesis of segmented silver nanowires and enhancement of the performance of polymer solar cells.

The morphology of the copper iodide (CuI) film as an inorganic p-type material has an important influence on enhancing the performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs). A self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropanoic acid (C3-SAM) was used on the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) before depositing the CuI films. Consequently, a well-distributed and smooth CuI film was formed with pinhole free and complete surface coverage. The root mean square of the corresponding CuI film was reduced from 3.63 nm for ITO/CuI to 0.77 nm. As a result, the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs with the device structure of ITO/C3-SAM/CuI/P3HT:PC61BM/ZnO/Al increased significantly from 2.55% (best 2.66%) to 3.04% (best 3.20%) after C3-SAM treatment. This work provides an effective strategy to control the morphology of CuI films through interfacial modification and promotes its application in efficient PSCs.

Self-assembled monolayer modified copper(I) iodide hole transport layer for efficient polymer solar cells

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Efficient Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Employing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters as Exciton Harvesters

A facile synthesis of segmented silver nanowires and enhancement of the performance of polymer solar cells.

Self-assembled monolayer modified copper(I) iodide hole transport layer for efficient polymer solar cells