Survival Analysis: Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data (2nd ed.) (Book)

Introduction. General Nutrient and Energy Requirements. Protein. Water. Minerals. Vitamins. Essential Fatty Acids. Energy Requirements for Maintenance. Protein Requirements for Maintenance. Reproductive Costs. Productive Costs. Food Composition. Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Function. Digestion and Nutrient Metabolism. Food Intake Regulation. Computer Models of the Nutritional Interaction. Index.

Wildlife feeding and nutrition.

Land use and related pressures have reduced local terrestrial biodiversity, but it is unclear how the magnitude of change relates to the recently proposed planetary boundary (“safe limit”). We estimate that land use and related pressures have already reduced local biodiversity intactness—the average proportion of natural biodiversity remaining in local ecosystems—beyond its recently proposed planetary boundary across 58.1% of the world’s land surface, where 71.4% of the human population live. Biodiversity intactness within most biomes (especially grassland biomes), most biodiversity hotspots, and even some wilderness areas is inferred to be beyond the boundary. Such widespread transgression of safe limits suggests that biodiversity loss, if unchecked, will undermine efforts toward long-term sustainable development.

/pdf/has-land-use-pushed-terrestrial-biodiversity-beyond-the-3xnl0q860p.pdf

Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment

Land use change-for example, the conversion of natural habitats to agricultural or urban ecosystems-is widely recognized to influence the risk and emergence of zoonotic disease in humans1,2. However, whether such changes in risk are underpinned by predictable ecological changes remains unclear. It has been suggested that habitat disturbance might cause predictable changes in the local diversity and taxonomic composition of potential reservoir hosts, owing to systematic, trait-mediated differences in species resilience to human pressures3,4. Here we analyse 6,801 ecological assemblages and 376 host species worldwide, controlling for research effort, and show that land use has global and systematic effects on local zoonotic host communities. Known wildlife hosts of human-shared pathogens and parasites overall comprise a greater proportion of local species richness (18-72% higher) and total abundance (21-144% higher) in sites under substantial human use (secondary, agricultural and urban ecosystems) compared with nearby undisturbed habitats. The magnitude of this effect varies taxonomically and is strongest for rodent, bat and passerine bird zoonotic host species, which may be one factor that underpins the global importance of these taxa as zoonotic reservoirs. We further show that mammal species that harbour more pathogens overall (either human-shared or non-human-shared) are more likely to occur in human-managed ecosystems, suggesting that these trends may be mediated by ecological or life-history traits that influence both host status and tolerance to human disturbance5,6. Our results suggest that global changes in the mode and the intensity of land use are creating expanding hazardous interfaces between people, livestock and wildlife reservoirs of zoonotic disease.

/pdf/zoonotic-host-diversity-increases-in-human-dominated-59z871593w.pdf

Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems

Increased efforts are required to prevent further losses to terrestrial biodiversity and the ecosystem services that it  provides1,2. Ambitious targets have been proposed, such as reversing the declining trends in biodiversity3; however, just feeding the growing human population will make this a challenge4. Here we use an ensemble of land-use and biodiversity models to assess whether—and how—humanity can reverse the declines in terrestrial biodiversity caused by habitat conversion, which is a major threat to biodiversity5. We show that immediate efforts, consistent with the broader sustainability agenda but of unprecedented ambition and coordination, could enable the provision of food for the growing human population while reversing the global terrestrial biodiversity trends caused by habitat conversion. If we decide to increase the extent of land under conservation management, restore degraded land and generalize landscape-level conservation planning, biodiversity trends from habitat conversion could become positive by the mid-twenty-first century on average across models (confidence interval, 2042–2061), but this was not the case for all models. Food prices could increase and, on average across models, almost half (confidence interval, 34–50%) of the future biodiversity losses could not be avoided. However, additionally tackling the drivers of land-use change could avoid conflict with affordable food provision and reduces the environmental effects of the food-provision system. Through further sustainable intensification and trade, reduced food waste and more plant-based human diets, more than two thirds of future biodiversity losses are avoided and the biodiversity trends from habitat conversion are reversed by 2050 for almost all of the models. Although limiting further loss will remain challenging in several biodiversity-rich regions, and other threats—such as climate change—must be addressed to truly reverse the declines in biodiversity, our results show that ambitious conservation efforts and food system transformation are central to an effective post-2020 biodiversity strategy. To promote the recovery of the currently declining global trends in terrestrial biodiversity, increases in both the extent of land under conservation management and the sustainability of the global food system from farm to fork are required.

/pdf/bending-the-curve-of-terrestrial-biodiversity-needs-an-456io7p79r.pdf

Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy

Effect of landscape features on the genetic structure of forest duikers (Cephalophinae) in Moukalaba forest, Gabon

/pdf/importance-of-common-palm-civets-as-seed-dispersal-agents-in-hfosneet4b.pdf

Importance of Common Palm Civets as Seed Dispersal Agents in a Degraded Forest

Camera traps are a powerful research tool with a wide range of applications in animal ecology, conservation, and management. However, camera traps may not always detect animals passing in front, and the probability of successfully detecting animals (i.e. camera sensitivity) may vary spatially and temporarily. This constraint may create a substantial bias in estimating critical parameters, such as the density of unmarked populations or animal activity levels. We applied the ‘double-observer approach’ to estimate detection probability and correct potentially imperfect detection. This involved two camera traps being set up at a camera station to monitor the same focal area. The detection probability and the number of animal passes were concurrently estimated with a hierarchal capture-recapture model for stratified populations using a Bayesian framework. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to test the reliability. We then estimated the detection probabilities of a camera model (Browning Strike Force Pro) within an equilateral-triangle focal area (1.56 m2) for 12 ground-dwelling mammals in Japan and Cameroon. We also evaluated the possible difference in detection probability between daytime and nighttime by incorporating it as a covariate. We found that the double-observer approach reliably quantifies camera sensitivity and provides unbiased estimates of the number of animal passes, even when the detection probability varies among animal passes or camera stations. The camera sensitivity did not change between daytime and nighttime either in Japan or Cameroon, providing the first evidence that the number of animal passes per unit time may be a viable index of animal activity levels. Nonetheless, the camera traps missed animals within the focal area by 4 %–36%. Current density estimation models relying on perfect detection may underestimate animal density by the same order of magnitude. Our results showed that the double-observer approach might be effective in correcting imperfect camera sensitivity. The hierarchical capture-recapture model used here can estimate the distribution of detection probability and the number of animals passing concurrently, and thus, it is easily incorporated in the current density estimation models. We believe that this approach could make a wide range of camera-trapping studies more accurate.

/pdf/double-observer-approach-with-camera-traps-towards-an-18cir42yns.pdf

Double-observer approach with camera traps: Towards an unbiased density estimation of unmarked animal populations

Malay weasel Mustela nudipes is restricted to the Sundaic sub-region, in Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay–Thai peninsula. A distribution model suggested that the species is widespread on Borneo and occurs in a wide range of habitats. The ecology of the species is poorly known, making it difficult to predict how its populations are likely to be affected by ongoing deforestation and forest degradation. A summary of likely key habitats and priority actions for this species on Borneo is provided.

Predicted distribution of the Malay weasel Mustela nudipes (Mammalia: Carnivora: Mustelidae) on Borneo

Camera traps are increasingly popular in wildlife research and have the potential to be reliable and cost-effective for estimating animal density. Although density estimation using this automatic technique has long been restricted to species with individually recognizable markings, several analytical approaches have been proposed to target animals lacking such markings (i.e., unmarked populations). Among these approaches, the random encounter and staying time (REST) model may be an efficient and cost-effective approach, even though the procedures for the implementations have not yet been shared with researchers. This paper presents a working protocol for implementing the REST model our research group has been developing. We also present the R code to perform parameter estimation with a maximum likelihood and Bayesian approach. We suggest that this model has potential for further development. We strongly hope that this paper will encourage many researchers to use the REST for density estimation in a wide variety of species in various habitats and make a significant contribution to advancing wildlife conservation and management.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/07/05/2021.05.18.444583.full.pdf

Estimating animal density with camera traps: a practitioner's guide of the REST model

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