Aging is one of our greatest challenges. The World Health Organization proposed that “active aging” might encourage people to continue to work according to their capacities and preferences as they grow old and would prevent or delay disabilities and chronic diseases that are costly to both individuals and the society, considering that disease prevention is more economical than treatment. ABSTRACT Lactic acid bacteria are beneficial to Caenorhabditis elegans; however, bacteria acting as probiotics in nematodes may not necessarily have probiotic functions in humans. Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris reportedly has probiotic functions in humans. Therefore, we determined whether the strain FC could exert probiotic effects in C. elegans in terms of improving host defenses and extending life span. Live FC successfully extended the life span and enhanced host defense compared to Escherichia coli OP50 (OP50), a standard food source for C. elegans. The FC-fed worms were tolerant to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis or Staphylococcus aureus infection and had better survival than the OP50-fed control worms. Further, the chemotaxis index, an indicator of perception ability, was more stable and significantly higher in FC-fed worms than in the control worms. The increase in autofluorescence from advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with aging was also ameliorated in FC-fed worms. FC showed beneficial effects in daf-16 and pmk-1 mutants, but not in skn-1 mutants. Since SKN-1 is the C. elegans ortholog of Nrf2, we measured the transcription of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is regulated by Nrf2, in murine macrophages and found that HO-1 mRNA expression was increased >5 times by inoculation with FC cells. Thus, FC could exert antisenescence effects via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway. This study showed for the first time that FC supported perceptive function and suppressed AGEs in nematodes as probiotic bacteria. Therefore, C. elegans can be an alternative model to screen for probiotic bacteria that can be used for antisenescence effects in humans. IMPORTANCE Aging is one of our greatest challenges. The World Health Organization proposed that “active aging” might encourage people to continue to work according to their capacities and preferences as they grow old and would prevent or delay disabilities and chronic diseases that are costly to both individuals and the society, considering that disease prevention is more economical than treatment. Probiotic bacteria, such as lactobacilli, are live microorganisms that exert beneficial effects on human health when ingested in sufficient amounts and can promote longevity. The significance of this study is that it revealed the antisenescence and various beneficial effects of the representative probiotic bacterium Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris strain FC exerted via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Prolonged Lifespan, Improved Perception, and Enhanced Host Defense of Caenorhabditis elegans by Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris

Abstract Deglutition aid foods are used to help patients with dysphagia take oral medications. Yoghurt is occasionally used to help swallow medications; however, its influence on pharmacokinetics is poorly understood. Yoghurt made with Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris FC has a characteristic viscous texture that facilitates bolus formation and deglutition due to its metabolite exopolysaccharide. We assessed yoghurt prepared with L. cremoris FC as a food deglutition aid. We performed a dissolution test using famotidine powder mixed with yoghurt and a food thickener. Famotidine dissolution rates without deglutition-assisting foods and with yoghurt or food thickener were 102.3 ± 1.7, 85.7 ± 4.6, and 46.4 ± 1.1% after 15 min, respectively. Next, we orally administered famotidine powder with water, yoghurt, and food thickener to rats and measured plasma famotidine levels. We observed no significant differences between all test groups. The T max of famotidine mixed with a food thickener was significantly lower than that with yoghurt. These results suggest that yoghurt with L. cremoris FC did not remarkably affect the dissolution and pharmacokinetic profiles of famotidine powder. Thus, the administration of famotidine with yoghurt might be a suitable alternative to powder administration as a deglutition aid for patients. 

/pdf/yoghurt-as-a-deglutition-aid-for-oral-medication-effects-on-29zufu55.pdf

Yoghurt as a deglutition aid for oral medication: effects on famotidine powder dissolution rate and pharmacokinetics

The eminence of water has been worsening as a result of anthropogenic actions, unplanned urbanization, rapid industrialization, population growth, and amateurish utilization of natural water bodies. The wastewater produced during the dyeing and finishing process is characterized by strong color, high chemical oxygen demand, high temperature, high pH, and low biodegradability. The removal of these dyes from effluents by chemical and physical methods has been described by many researchers. At present, the practice of natural and amended polymers for the confiscation of dyes from effluent is becoming effective and common. Because of their great efficiency, biodegradability, lack of secondary pollution, and lack of toxicity, biopolymeric substances (BPS) are considered promising alternative to predictable chemical polymers. Two types of BPS, i.e., intracellular and extracellular polymeric substances. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are a high-molecular-weight combination of polymers released by microorganisms that adhere to the cell surface and divide into firmly bound and loosely bound EPS, allowing them to bind to the cell surface. EPS efficiently adsorbed to textile dye contaminants in wastewater. Microbial aggregation produced by EPS plays very important part in biofilm formation, contaminant settling, and the biodegradation of textile dyes. The functional groups present in EPS, such as hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, and amines, can bind to active sites in the textile dyes via biosorption. As a result, it’s thought that EPS in sludge can be used to remove dye from wastewater via biosorption. However, because EPS are so complicated, our understanding of them is far from comprehensive, and much more research is needed to completely comprehend their specific functions in the biological therapy process. 

Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances for Degradation of Textile Dyes

This study evaluated whether the lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strain FC (FC) could ameliorate host defenses and cognitive ability and extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, a model of senescence. The lifespan and resistance to physical, chemical, and biological stressors were compared between C. elegans fed FC and those fed Escherichia coli OP50 (OP), an international standard food for C. elegans. Living FC successfully extended the health span, enhanced host defense, and ameliorated the cognitive ability of the nematodes; even the exopolysaccharides (EPSes) of FC could extend the lifespan of C. elegans. The chemotaxis index, which was used to evaluate the senescence of sensory neurons, tended to decrease with aging; however, it was more stable in worms fed FC and was significantly higher than that of the control worms at 7 days of age. The worms fed FC were tolerant to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis or Staphylococcus aureus infection and had better survival than the control worms fed OP. FC showed beneficial effects in C. elegans daf-16 and pmk-1 mutants, but not in skn-1 mutants. Since SKN-1 is the C. elegans ortholog of Nrf2, we measured the transcription of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is regulated by Nrf2, in murine macrophages and found that HO-1 mRNA expression was increased >5 times by inoculation with either FC cells or heat-killed bacteria with EPSes. Thus, both FC and the EPSes can affect longevity via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway in both nematodes and mammalian cells. IMPORTANCE Ageing is one of our greatest challenges. The World Health Organization proposed the concept of “Active Ageing” might encourage people to continue to work according to their capacities and preferences as they grow old and would prevent or delay disabilities and chronic diseases that are costly to both individuals and the society, considering that disease prevention is more economical than treatment. Probiotic bacteria such as lactobacilli are living microorganisms that exert beneficial effects on human health when ingested in sufficient amounts and can promote longevity. The significance of this study is that it revealed the anti-senescence and various beneficial effects of the probiotic representative bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strain FC and its exopolysaccharides in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/04/14/2021.04.14.439594.full.pdf

Prolonged Lifespan, Ameliorated Cognition, and Improved Host Defense of Caenorhabditis elegans by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris

Loss of the intrinsic plasmid-encoded eps genes in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FC grown at elevated temperature abolishes exopolysaccharide biosynthesis

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Loss of the intrinsic plasmid-encoded eps genes in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FC grown at elevated temperature abolishes exopolysaccharide biosynthesis