Recent Advances in Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells

Xugang Guo,*,† Antonio Facchetti,*,‡,§ and Tobin J. Marks*,‡ †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China ‡Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States

Imide- and Amide-Functionalized Polymer Semiconductors

This progress report summarizes the numerous DPP-containing polymers recently developed for field-effect transistor applications including diphenyl-DPP and dithienyl-DPP-based polymers as the most commonly reported materials, but also difuranyl-DPP, diselenophenyl-DPP and dithienothienyl-DPP-containing polymers. We discuss the hole and electron mobilities that were reported in relation to structural properties such as alkyl substitution patterns, polymer molecular weights and solid state packing, as well as electronic properties including HOMO and LUMO energy levels. We moreover consider important aspects of ambipolar charge transport and highlight fundamental structure-property relations such as the relationships between the thin film morphologies and the charge carrier mobilities observed for DPP-containing polymers.

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Recent Advances in the Development of Semiconducting DPP‐Containing Polymers for Transistor Applications

Stille polycondensation for synthesis of functional materials.

Organic dyes and pigments constitute a large class of industrial products. The utilization of these compounds in the field of organic electronics is reviewed with particular emphasis on organic field-effect transistors. It is shown that for most major classes of industrial dyes and pigments, i.e., phthalocyanines, perylene and naphthalene diimides, diketopyrrolopyrroles, indigos and isoindigos, squaraines, and merocyanines, charge-carrier mobilities exceeding 1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) have been achieved. The most widely investigated molecules due to their n-channel operation are perylene and naphthalene diimides, for which even values close to 10 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) have been demonstrated. The fact that all of these π-conjugated colorants contain polar substituents leading to strongly quadrupolar or even dipolar molecules suggests that indeed a much larger structural space shows promise for the design of organic semiconductor molecules than was considered in this field traditionally. In particular, because many of these dye and pigment chromophores demonstrate excellent thermal and (photo-)chemical stability in their original applications in dyeing and printing, and are accessible by straightforward synthetic protocols, they bear a particularly high potential for commercial applications in the area of organic electronics.

Organic Semiconductors based on Dyes and Color Pigments

The Stille coupling reaction has been used to synthesize a novel type of multifunctional polymer that contains a conjugated backbone and a second-order NLO chromophore. The expectation that the polymers will possess photorefractivity is the design idea behind the structure of the polymers. Because the conjugated backbone absorbs photons in the visible region and is photoconductive, it is expected to play the triple role of charge generator, charge transporter, and backbone. Thus, the four functionalities necessary to manifest the PR effect will exist simultaneously in a single polymer. The second harmonic generation and the photoconductivity measurements revealed that the polymers are non linear optically active and photoconductive

Rational designs of multifunctional polymers

A novel type of photorefractive polymer, containing a conjugated backbone and a second order nonlinear optical chromophore, has been developed. It was expected that the conjugated backbone would absorb photons in the visible region and play the triple role of charge generator, charge transporter, and backbone. Several physical measurements demonstrated this expectation. Two beam coupling experiments clearly indicated an asymmetric optical energy exchange between two beams without applying an external electrical field. This is a conclusive signature for photorefractivity. Also, large optical gain, 5.7 cm−1, was observed under zero‐field condition.

Conjugated photorefractive polymer

To manifest a photorefractive effect, the polymer must possess a photocharge generator, a charge transporter, a charge trapping center and a nonlinear optical chromophore. We have synthesized two types of novel photorefractive (PR) polymers. The type I PR polymers contain the NLO chromophore, the charge generator and the transporting compound covalently linked to the polymer backbone. The type II photorefractive polymers contain a conjugated backbone and a second order NLO chromophore. The design idea behind the structure of the type II polymers is the expectation that they will possess photorefractivity. Since the conjugated backbone absorbs photons in the visible region and is photoconductive, it is expected to play the triple roles of charge generator, charge transporter and backbone. Thus, the four functionalities necessary to manifest the PR effect will exist simultaneously in a single polymer.

Novel photorefractive polymers: structure, design, and property characterization

A novel type of photorefractive polymers, containing a conjugated backbone and a second order NLO chromophore, has been developed. A new polymerization method based on the Stille coupling reaction was explored to synthesize these materials. It was expected that the conjugated backbone would absorb photons in the visible region and play the triple role of charge generator, charge transporter and backbone. Several physical measurements demonstrated this expectation. Two beam coupling experiments clearly indicated an asymmetric optical energy exchange between two beams without applying an external electrical field. This is a conclusive demonstration for photorefractivity. Also, large optical gain of 5.7 cm -1 was observed under zero-field condition, which is comparable to most inorganic photorefractive materials. The versatility of the reaction makes possible the advancement of new polymer structures.

Rational Designs of Multifunctional Polymers-Conjugated Photorefractive Polymers

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Rational designs of multifunctional polymers

Conjugated photorefractive polymer

Novel photorefractive polymers: structure, design, and property characterization

Rational Designs of Multifunctional Polymers-Conjugated Photorefractive Polymers